In the realm of understanding the interplay between individual freedom and governmental power, the UCC Connection form provides a compelling commentary. Authored by Howard Freeman and distributed by Americans for Constitutional Government, this document, found in a letter dated September 22, 1991, from Eric Gray, delves into the nuances of personal sovereignty against the backdrop of legal expectations. At its core, the piece critiques the manner in which governmental entities, under the guise of adhering to constitutional principles, have encroached upon freedoms. Highlighting the use of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) 1-207 to potentially safeguard against unintended contractual obligations with the federal government, the text speculates on an alternative to traditional copyright, reflecting Freeman's cautious approach to government interactions. Through a recounting of Freeman’s lectures, distilled from a seminar in 1990, readers are introduced to his journey of legal self-empowerment, his disillusionment with the judicial system, and his eventual triumph in personal disputes with tax authorities. By challenging the perceived complexity and exclusivity of legal knowledge, Freeman argues against the notion that understanding law is beyond the reach of the average person, encouraging a grassroots reclaiming of constitutional literacy and rights. This document not only questions the efficacy of legal representation but also serves as a testament to the struggle for, and potential reclaiming of, individual liberties through an informed application of law and a strategic engagement with governmental institutions.
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Form Name | Ucc Connection Form |
Form Length | 29 pages |
Fillable? | No |
Fillable fields | 0 |
Avg. time to fill out | 7 min 15 sec |
Other names | ucc connection tyranny, ucc 128 design and printing software, exemption cation qualifying blank, california ucc 3 form |
This article has really filled in my "voids" that kept me from fully understanding things. I have found it to be one of the best discussions on the subject of freedom, and how our own Government has managed to take that freedom from us, all the while giving lip service to the Constitution. The title of the article is The UCC Connection. The author is noted as Howard Freeman. It is distributed by Americans for Constitutional Government, PO BOX 99, Lancaster, Ohio 43130. It also notes "without prejudice U.C.C.
THE UCC CONNECTION - How To Free Yourself From Legal Tyranny by Howard Freeman
(Originally published by the Oklahoma Freedom Council)
Forward:
This is a slightly condensed, casually paraphrased transcript of tapes of a seminar given in 1990 by Howard Freeman. It was prepared to make available the knowledge and experience of Mr. Freeman in his search for an accessible and understandable explanation of the confusing state of the government and the courts. It should be helpful to those who want to develop a deeper understanding of this information without having to listen to three or four hours of recorded material.
The frustrations many Americans feel about our judicial system can be overwhelming and often frightening; and, like most fear, is based on lack of understanding or knowledge. Those of use how have chosen a path out of bondage and into liberty are faced, eventually, with the seemingly tyrannical power of some governmental agency and the mystifying and awesome power of the courts. We have been taught that we must "get a good lawyer," but that is becoming increasingly difficult, if not impossible. If we are defending ourselves from the government, we find that the lawyers quickly take our money and then tell us as the ship is sinking, "I can't help you with that
Ultimately, the only way for us to have ever a "snowballs’ change" is to understand the RULES OF THE GAME and to come to and understanding of the true nature of the Law. The lawyers have established and secured a virtual monopoly over this area of human knowledge by implying that the subject is just too difficult for the AVERAGE PERSON to understand, and by creating a separate
vocabulary out of English words of otherwise common usage. While it may, at times, seem hopelessly complicated, it is not that difficult to grasp. Are lawyers really as smart as they would have us believe?
Besides, anyone who has been through a legal battle against the government with the aid of a lawyer has come to realize that lawyers know procedure, not law.
Then answered one of the lawyers, and said unto him, master, thus saying thou reproachest us also. And he said, woe unto you also, ye lawyers! For ye made men with burdens grievous to be born, and ye yourselves touch not the burdens with one of your fingers... Woe unto you, lawyers! For ye have taken away the key of knowledge; ye entered not in yourselves, and them that were entering in ye hindered. (Luke
Besides, anyone who has been through a legal battle against the government with the aid of a lawyer has come to realize that lawyers learn about procedure, not about law.
Mr. Freeman admits he is not a lawyer. And as such, he has a way of explaining law to us that puts it well within our reach.
Consider also that the framer of the Constitution wrote in language simple enough that the people could understand, specifically so that it would NOT have to be interpreted.
So again we find, as in many other areas of life, "THE BUCK STOPS HERE!" It is we who must take the responsibility for finding and putting to good use the TRUTH! It is we who must claim and defend our God given rights and our freedom form those who would take them from us. It is WE who must protect ourselves, our families, and our posterity from the inevitable intrusion into our lives by those who live parasitically off the labor, skill and talents of others.
To these ends, Mr. Freeman offers a simple, hopeful explanation of our plight and a PEACEFUL method of dealing with it. Please take note that this lecture represents one chapter in the book of his understanding, which he is always refining, expanding, improving. It is, as all bits of wisdom are, a point of departure from which to begin our own journey into understanding, that we all might be able to pas on to others: greater knowledge and hope, and to God: the gift of lives lived in peace, freedom and praise.
"I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves, be wise as a serpent and harmless as a dove." [Matthew 10:16]
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THE UCC CONNECTION
*"I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves, be wise as a serpent and harmless as a dove."*
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INTRODUCTION.
When I beat the IRS, I used Supreme Court (SC) decisions. If I had tried to use these in court, I would have been convicted.
I was involved with a patriot group and I studied Supreme Court cases. I concluded that the SC had declared that I was not a person required to file an income tax
SECTION1: Never Argue The Amount Of Deficiency.
Fortunately, I had been given just a little bit of information: NEVER ARGUE THE FACTS IN A TAX CASE. If you’re not required to file, what do you care whether they say you owe sixty dollars or $60,000. If you are not required to file, the amount doesn't matter. DON'T ARGUE THE AMOUNT
Just don't be shocked at the amount on a Notice of Deficiency, (NOD) even if it is ten million dollars! If the law says that you are not required to file or pay tax, the amount doesn’t matter.
By arguing the amount, they will just say that you must go to tax court and decide what the amount is to be. By the time you get to tax court, the law issues are all decided. You are only there to decide HOW MUCH YOU OWE. They will not listen to arguments of law.
So I went to see the agent and told him that I wasn't required to file. He said, "You ARE required to file, Mr. Freeman." But I had all these SC cases, and I started reading them to him.
He said, "I don't know anything about law, Mr. Freeman, but the Code says that you are required to file, and you're going to pay that amount or you're going to go to tax court." I thought that someone there ought to know something about law, so I asked to talk to his superior. I went to him and got out my SC cases, and he wouldn't listen to them. "I don't know anything about law, Mr. Freeman...." Finally
I got to the Problems Resolution Officer, and he said the same thing. He said that
the only person above him was the District Director.
So I went to see him. By the time I got to his office, they had phoned ahead, and his secretary said he was out. But I heard someone in his office, and I knew he was there.
I went down the elevator, around the corner to the Federal Building and into Senator Simpson's office. There was a girl sitting there at a desk, and she asked me if she could help me. I told her my problem. I said that I really thought the District Director was up there. I asked her to call the IRS and tell them that it was Senator Simpson's office calling and to ask if the District Director was in. I said, "If you get him on the phone, tell him that you are from the Senator’s office and you have a person who you are sending over to speak to him
He was there, and I ran back up to his office. His secretary met me when I am in and said, "Mr. Freeman, you're so lucky - the Director just arrived."
The Director was very nice and offered me coffee and cookies and we sat and talked. So he asked me what I wanted to talk to talk to him about. (If you never have someone say to you, "I’m from the government and I'm here to do you a favor" watch out!
He was very interested to hear about it and asked if I had any examples. I just happened to have some with me, so I got them out and presented them to him. [Supreme Court cases supporting his position] He thought it was very interesting and asked if I could leave this information with him, which I did. He said he would look it over and contact me within 3 days. Three days later he called me up and said, "I'm sure, Mr. Freeman, that you will be glad to know that your Notice of Deficiency has been withdrawn. We've determined that you're not a person required to file. Your file is closed and you will hear no more from us." I haven't heard another word from them since. That was in 1980 and I haven't filed since 1969.
SECTION2: The Supreme Court on Trial.
I thought sure I had the answer, but when a friend got charged with Willful Failure to File an income tax, he asked me to help him. I told him that they would have to prove that he _willfully_ failed to file and I suggested that he should put
me on the witness stand. He should ask me if I spoke at a certain time and place in Scott's Bluff and did I see him in the audience. He should then ask me what I spoke of that day.
When I got on the stand. I brought out all of the SC cases I had used with the District Director. I thought I would be lucky to get a sentence or two out before the judge cut me off, but I was reading whole paragraphs and the judge didn't stop me. I read one and then another and so on. And finally when I had read just about as much as I thought I should, the judge called a recess of the court. I told Bob I thought we had it made. There was just no way that they could rule against him after all that testimony. So we relaxed.
The prosecution presented it's case and he [Bob] decided to rest his case on my testimony, which showed that he was not required to file and that the SC had upheld this position.
The prosecution then presented it's closing statements and we were just sure that he had won. But at the very end, _the judge spoke to the jury and told them, "You will decide the facts of this case and I will give you the law. The law required this man to file and Income Tax form; you decide whether or not he filed it." What a shock! The jury convicted him. Later some of the members of the jury said, "What could we do? The man had admitted that he had not filed the form, so we had to convict him."
As soon as the trial was over, I went around to the judge’s office and he was just coming in through his back door. I said, "Judge, by what authority do you overturn the standing decisions of the United States SC? You sat on the bench while I read that case law. Now how do you, a District Court Judge, have the authority to overturn decisions of the Supreme Court?"
He says, "Oh, those were old decisions." I said, "Those are standing decisions. They have never been overturned. I don’t care how old they are; you have no right to overturn a standing decision of the US SC in a District Court."
SECTION3: Public Law vs. Public Policy.
He said, "Name any decision of the Supreme Court after 1938 and I'll honor it, but all the decisions you read were prior to 1938. He went on, "Prior to 1938, the Supreme Court was dealing with Public Law; since 1938, the Supreme Court has dealt with Public Policy. The charge that Mr. S was being tried for is a Public Policy Statute; not Public Public Law, and those Supreme Court cases do not apply to Public Policy." I asked him what happened in 1938. He said that he had already told me too much
SECTION4: 1938 And The Erie Railroad.
Well, I began to investigate. I found that 1938 was the year of the Erie Railroad
vs. Tompkins case of the Supreme Court. It was also the year the courts claim they blended Law with Equity. I read the Erie Railroad case. A man had sued the Erie railroad for damages when he was struck by a board sticking out of a boxcar as he walked along beside the tracks. The district court had decided on commercial (Negotiable Instruments) Law; that this man was not under any contract with the Erie Railroad, and therefore he lacked standing to sue the company. Under the Common Law (Natural Law), he was damaged and he would have had the right to sue.
This overturned a standing decision of over one hundred years. Swift "S. Tyson in 1840 was a similar case, and the decision of the Supreme Court then was that in a case of this type, the court would judge by the Common Law (Natural Law) of the state where the incident occurred - in this case Pennsylvania. In the Erie Railroad case, the Supreme Court now ruled that all federal cases will be judged under the Negotiable Instruments Law. There would be no more decisions based on the Common Law at the federal level. So here we find the blending of Law with Equity.
This was a puzzle to me. As I put these new pieces together I reasoned that all our courts since 1938 were Merchant Law courts and not Common Law courts. There were still pieces missing from the puzzle.
SECTION 5: A Friend In Court.
Fortunately, I made a friend of a judge. Now you won't make friends with a judge if you go into the court like a "wolf in black sheep country." You must approach him as though you are the sheep and he is the wolf. If you go into court as a wolf, you make demands and tell the judge what the law is
I won the case and on the way out I had to stop by the clerk’s office to get some papers. One of the judges stopped and said, "You're an interesting man, Mr. Freeman. If you're ever in town, stop by and if I'm not sitting on a case we will visit."
SECTION 6: America Is Bankrupt.
Later, when I went to visit the judge, I told him of my problem with the Supreme Court cases dealing with Public Policy rather than Public Law. He said, "In 1938, all the higher judges, the top attorneys, and the U.S. Attorneys were
called into a secret meeting and this is what we were told: 'America is a bankrupt nation. It is owned completely by its creditors. The creditors own the Congress, they own the Executive, they own the Judiciary and they own all the State Governments. Take silent judicial notice of this fact, but never reveal it openly. Your court is operating under Admiralty Jurisdiction - call it anything you want, but do not call it "Admiralty."
SECTION 7: Admiralty Courts.
The reason they cannot call it Admiralty Jurisdiction is that your defense would be quite different in Admiralty Jurisdiction from your defense under the Common Law. In Admiralty, there is no court, which has jurisdiction unless there is a valid International contract in dispute. If you know it is Admiralty Jurisdiction, and they have admitted on the record that you are in an Admiralty Court, you can demand that the international maritime contract, to which you are supposedly party, and which you supposedly have breached, be placed into evidence.
No court has Admiralty/Maritime Jurisdiction unless there is a valid international maritime contract that has been breached.
So you say, just innocently like a lamb, "Well, I never knew that I got involved with an international maritime contract, so I deny that such a contract exists. If this court is taking jurisdiction in Admiralty, then place the contract in evidence, so that I might challenge the validity of the contract." What they would have to do is place the _national debt_ into evidence. They would have to admit that the international bankers own the whole nation, and that we are their slaves.
SECTION 8: Not Expedient.
But the bankers said it is not expedient at this time to admit that they own everything and could foreclose on every nation of the world.
[My note: DAMN RIGHT! "At this time" That is the KEY behind the building up of the UN as a MILITARY FORCE! That is the KEY to disarming America. That is the KEY to "ending" the cold war. Like now we have no more enemy, so we can melt all our guns. WRONG. The Bankers PLAN to foreclose, they just don't want their HEADS BLOWN OFF WHILE DOING IT, so they DICTATE to the "congress" to get rid of the guns." eg]
The reason they don't want to tell everyone that they own everything is that there are still too many privately owned guns. There are uncooperative armies and other military forces. So until they can gradually consolidate all armies into a WORLD ARMY, and all courts into a WORLD COURT, it is not expedient to admit the jurisdiction of the courts are operating under.
When we understand these things, we realize that there are certain secrets they don’t want to admit, and we can use this to our benefit.
SECTION 9: Jurisdiction.
The Constitution of the United States mentions three areas of jurisdiction in which the courts may operate:
SECTION 10: Common Law.
Common Law (Natural or Constitutional Law) is based on [the Creator's] Laws as originally presented by Moses. Anytime someone is charged under the Common Law, there must be a damaged party. You are free under the Common Law to do anything you pleases, as long as you do not infringe on the life, liberty, or property of someone else. You have a right to make a fool of yourself provided you do not infringe on the life, liberty, or property of someone else. The Common Law does not allow for any governmental action which prevents a man from making a fool of himself. For instance, when you cross state line 5, you will probably see a sign which says, "BUCKLE YOUR SEAT BELTS - IT'S THE LAW." This cannot be Common Law because who would you injure if you did not buckle up? Nobody. This would be compelled performance. But Common Law cannot compel performance. Any violation of Common Law is a CRIMINAL ACT, and is punishable.
SECTION 11: Equity Law.
Equity Law is law which compels performance. It compels you to perform to the exact letter of any contract that you are under. So, if you have compelled performance, there must be a contract somewhere and you are being compelled to perform under the obligation of the contract. Now this can only be a civil action
SECTION 12: Admiralty or Maritime Law.
This is a civil jurisdiction of Compelled Performance, which also has Criminal Penalties for not adhering to the letter of the contract, but this only applies to International Contracts.
Now we can see what jurisdiction the seat belt laws (and all traffic laws, building codes, ordinances, tax codes, etc) are under. Whenever there is a penalty for failure to perform (such as willful failure to file) that is Admiralty/Maritime Law and there must be a valid international contract in force.
However, the courts don't want to admit that they are operating under Admiralty/Maritime [hereafter noted by A/M] Jurisdiction, so they took the international law or Law Merchant and adopted it into our codes. This is what the SC decided in the Erie Railroad case - that the decisions would be based on commercial law or business law and that it will have criminal penalties associated with it. Since they were instructed not to call it A/M Jurisdiction, they call it Statutory Jurisdiction.
[My note: I looked for Statutory Jurisdiction in the 4th edition of Black's. It's not there, so looked up Statue and under the definition is this paragraph: This word is used to designate the written law in contradistinction to the unwritten law. Foster v. Brown, 199 Ga. 444, 34 S.E.2d, 530 535 See Common Law.
Unwritten law is common law, contradistinction you can look up, but it means "as opposed to" "opposite to." Also I looked up Common Law (with my new understanding) and it's quite enlightening! :)]
SECTION 13: Courts Of Contract.
You may ask how we got into this situation where we can be charged with failure to wear set belts and be fine for it. Isn’t the judge sworn to up hold the Constitution? Yes, he is. But you must understand that the Constitution in Art. I, Sect. 10, gives us the unlimited right to contract as long as we do not infringe on the life, liberty, or property of someone else. Contracts are enforceable, and the Constitution gives two jurisdictions where contracts can be enforced, Equity or Admiralty. But we find them being enforced in Statutory Jurisdiction. This is the embarrassing part for the courts, but we can use this to box the judges into a corner in their own courts. We will cover this more later.
SECTION 14: Contracts Must Be Voluntary.
Under the Common Law, both parties must enter into every contract knowingly, voluntarily, and intentionally or it is void and unenforceable. These are characteristics of a Common Law contract.
There is another characteristic - it must be based on substance. For example, contracts used to read, "For one dollar and other valuable considerations, I will paint your house, etc." That was a valid contract
Now suppose you wrote a contract that said, "For one Federal Reserve Note and other considerations, I will paint your house." And suppose for example, I painted your house the wrong color. Could you go into a Common Law court and get justice? NO, you could not.
You see a Federal Reserve Note is a "colorable" dollar, as it has no substance, and in a Common Law jurisdiction, that contract would be unenforceable.
"Colorable: That which is in appearance only, and not in reality, what it purports to be; hence counterfeit, feigned, having the appearance of truth." Black's Law Dictionary, 5th ed.
SECTION 15: Colorable Money And Colorable Courts.
The word "colorable" means something that appears to be genuine, but is not. Maybe it looks like a dollar, and maybe it spends like a dollar, but it if is not redeemable for lawful money (silver or gold) it is "colorable." If a Federal Reserve Note is used in a contract, then the contract becomes a "colorable" contract. And "colorable" contracts must be enforced under a "colorable" jurisdiction. So by creating Federal Reserve Note, the government had to create a jurisdiction to cover the kinds of contracts that use them. We now have what is called Statutory Jurisdiction, which is not a genuine Admiralty jurisdiction. It is a "colorable" Admiralty Jurisdiction the judges are enforcing because we are using "colorable money." Colorable Admiralty is now known as Statutory Jurisdiction. Let's see how we got under this Statutory Jurisdiction.
SECTION 16: Uniform Commercial Code.
The government setup a "colorable" law system to fit the "Colorable" currency. It used to be called the Law Merchant or the Law of Redeemable Instruments, because it dealt with paper, which was redeemable in something of substance. But once Federal Reserve Notes had become unredeemable, there had to be a system of law, which was completely "colorable" from start to finish. This system of law was codified as the Uniform Commercial Code, and has been adopted in every state. This is "colorable" law, and it is used in all the courts.
I explained one of the keys earlier, which is that the country is bankrupt and we have no rights. If the master says "Jump!" Then the slave had better jump, because the master has the right to cut his head off. As slaves we have no rights. But the creditors/masters had to cover that up, so the created a system of law called the UCC. This "colorable" jurisdiction under the UCC is the next key to understanding what has happened.
SECTION 17: Contract Or Agreement.
One difference between Common Law and the UCC is that in Common Law, contracts must be entered into: (1) knowingly, (2) voluntarily, and (3) intentionally. Under the UCC this is not so. First of all, contracts are necessary. Under this new law, "agreements" can be binding, and if you only exercise the benefits of an "agreement" it is presumed or implied that you intend to meet the obligations associated with the those benefits. If you accept a benefit offered by
government, and then you are obligated to follow, to the letter, each and every statute involved with the that benefit. The method has been to get everybody exercising a benefit and they don't even have to tell the people what the benefit is. Some people think it’s the driver's license, the marriage license, or the birth certificate, etc. I believe it's none of these.
SECTION 18: Compelled Benefit.
I believe the benefit being used is that we have been given the privilege of DISCHARGING [my emphasis e.g.] debt with limited liability, instead of paying debt en toto with substance. When we pay a debt, we give substance for substance. If I buy a quart of milk with a silver dollar, that dollar bought the milk, and the milk bought the dollar
Congress offers us this escape in the form of a benefit: Debt money, created by the federal United States, can be spent all over the continental united States, it will be legal tender for all debts, public and private, and the limited liability is that you cannot be sued for not paying your debts when you "pay" a debt using this colorable money.
So now they have said, "We're going to help you out, and you can just discharge your debts instead of paying your debts."
When we use this "colorable" money to discharge our debts, we cannot use Common Law court. We can only use "colorable court." We are completely under the jurisdiction of the UCC
SECTION 19: Remedy And Recourse.
Every system of civilized law must have two characteristics: Remedy and Recourse. Remedy is a way to get out from under the law. The Recourse is if you have been damaged under the law; you can recover your loss. The Common Law, the Law of Merchants, and even the UCC all have remedy and recourse, but for a long time we could not find it. If you go to a law library and ask to see the UCC they will show you a shelf of books completely filled with the UCC. When you pick up one volume and start to read it, it will seem to have been intentionally written to be confusing. It took us a long time to discover where the Remedy and Recourse are found in the UCC. They were found right in the first volume, at 1- 207 and
SECTION 20: Remedy.
The making of a valid Reservation of Rights preserves whatever rights the person then possessed, and prevents the loss of such rights by application of concepts of waiver or estoppel. (UCC
It is important to remember when we go into a court that we are in a commercial, international jurisdiction. If we go into court and say, "I DEMAND MY CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS," the judge will most likely say, "You mention the Constitution again and I’ll find you in contempt of court!" Then we don't understand how he can do that. Hasn't he sworn to uphold the Constitution? The rule here is: you cannot be _charged_ under one jurisdiction and _defend_ under another. For example, if the French government came to you and asked where you filed your French income tax in a certain year, do you go to the French Gov. and say, "I demand my Constitutional Rights?" No.
The proper answer is "THE LAW DOESN'T APPLY TO ME
SECTION 21: UCC
When a waivable right or claim is involved, the failure to make a reservation thereof causes a loss of the right, and bars it's assertion at a later date. (UCC
You have to make your claim known early. Further it says:
"The Sufficiency of the Reservation: Any expression indicating an intention to reserve rights, is sufficient, such as "without prejudice." (UCC
Whenever you sign any legal paper, that deals with the Federal Reserve Notes in any way, shape or manner
It is VERY IMPORTANT to understand just what this means. For example, one man who used this in regard to a traffic ticket was asked by the judge just what he meant by writing "without prejudice UCC
he meant by signing in that way, he told the judge that he was not prejudice against anyone... The judge knew that the man had NO IDEA what it meant and he lost the case. You MUST know what it means.
SECTION 22: Without Prejudice UCC
When you use "without prejudice UCC
What is the compelled performance of an unrevealed commercial agreement? When you use Federal Reserve Notes instead of silver dollars is it voluntary? No. There is no lawful money, so you have to use Federal Reserve Notes
If you understand this, you will be able to explain it to the judge when he asks. And he WILL ask, so be prepared to explain it to the court. You will also need to understand UCC
If you want to understand this fully, go to a law library and photocopy these two sections from the UCC. It is important to get the Anderson version. Some of the law libraries will only have the West Publishing version and it is very difficult to understand. In Anderson, it is broken down with decimals into ten parts and most importantly, it is written in plain English.
SECTION 23: Recourse.
The Recourse appears in the UCC at
"The Code is complimentary to the Common Law, which remains in force, except where displaced by the code. A statute should be construed in harmony with the Common Law, unless there is a clear legislative intent to abrogate the Common Law." (UCC
This is the argument we use in court. The Code recognizes the Common Law. If it did not, recognize the Common Law, the government would have had to admit that the US is bankrupt, and is completely owned by it's creditors.
But it is not expedient to admit this, so the Code was written so as not to abolish the Common Law entirely. Therefore, if you have made a sufficient, timely, and
explicit reservation of your rights at
If the charge is a traffic ticket, you may demand that the court produce the injured person, who has filed a verified complaint. If, for example, you were charged with failure to buckle your seat belt, you may ask the court who was injured as a result of your failure to "buckle up."
However, if the judge won't listen to you, and just moves ahead with the case, then you will want to read to him the last sentence of
Tell the Judge, "Your honor, I can sue you under the Common Law, for violating my rights under the UCC." I have a remedy, under the UCC to reserve my rights under the Common Law. I have exercised the remedy, and now you must construe this statue in harmony with the Common Law. To be in harmony with the Common Law, you must come forth with
[Note: Actually, it is better to use a rubber stamp, because this demonstrates that you had previously reserved your rights. The simple fact that it takes several days or a week to order and get a stamp shows that you had reserved your rights before signing the document. Anderson Uniform Commercial Code Lawyers' Cooperative Publishing Co.]
If the judge insists on proceeding with the case, just act confused, and ask this question: "Let me see if I understand, Your Honor: Has this court made a legal determination that the Sections of
Now the judge is in a jamb! How can the court throw out one part of the Code and uphold another? If he answers, "yes", then you say: "I put this court on notice, that I am appealing your legal determination."
Of course, the higher court will uphold the Code on appeal. The judge knows this, so once again you have boxed him into a corner.
SECTION 24: Practical Application In Traffic Court.
Just so we can understand how this whole process works, let us look at a court situation such as a traffic violation.
Assume you ran through a yellow light and a policeman gave you a traffic ticket.
1.The first thing you want to do is to delay the action at least three weeks. This you can do by being pleasant and cooperative with the officer. Explain to him that you are very busy and ask if he could please set your court appearance for about three weeks away. (At this point we need to remember that government's trick: "I’m from the government, I'm here to help you." Now we want to use this approach with them.)
2.The next step is to go to the clerk of the traffic court and say, "I believe it would be helpful if I talk to you, because I want to save the government some money (this will get his attention.) I am undoubtedly going to appeal this case. As you know, in an appeal, I have to have a transcript, but the traffic court doesn't have a court reporter. It would be a waste of taxpayers's money to run me through this court and then have to give me a trial *de novo* [new trial] in a court of record. I do need a transcript for appealing, and to save the government some money, maybe you could schedule me to appear in a court of record."
You can show the date on the ticket and the clerk will usually agree that there is plenty of time to schedule your trial for a court of record. Now your first appearance is in a court of record and not in traffic court, where there is no record.
When you get into the court there will be a court reporter there who records every word the judge speaks, so that judge is much more careful in a court of record. You will be in a much better situation there than in traffic court. If there is no record, the judge can say whatever he wants
3.When you get into court, the judge will read the charges: driving through a yellow light, or whatever, and this is in violation of ordinance xyz. He will ask, "Do you understand the charge against you?"
4."Well your Honor, there is a question I would like to ask before I can make a plea of innocent or guilty. I think it could be answered if I could put the officer on the stand for a moment and ask him a few short questions.
Judge: "I don't see why not. Let's swear the officer in and have him take the stand."
5."Is this the instrument that you gave me?" (Handing him the traffic citation) Officer: "Yes, this is a copy of it. The judge has the other portion of it." "Where did you get my address that you wrote on the citation?"
Officer: "Well I got it from your driver's license."
[Number 4 above is very important to get into the record, clearly stating that you do not understand the charges. With that in the record, the court cannot move forward to judge the facts. This will be covered later on.]
(Handing the officer you driver's license) "Is this the document you copied my name and address from?"
Officer: "Yes, this is where I got it."
"While you've got that in your hand, would you read the signature that's on that license?" (The officer reads the signature) "While you're there, would you read into the record what it says under the signature?"
Officer: "It says, Without Prejudice, UCC
Judge: "Let me see that license!" (He looks and turns to the officer) "You didn't notice this printing under the signature on this license, when you copied his name and address onto the ticket?"
Officer: "Oh no. I was just getting the address
Judge: "You're not very observant as an officer. Therefore, I’m afraid I cannot accept your testimony in regards to the facts of this case. This case is dismissed."
6.In this case, the Judge found a convenient way out
a. You had reserved your Common Law rights under the UCC;
b. You had done it sufficiently by writing 'Without prejudice’ UCC
c. The statute would now have to be read in harmony with the Common Law, and the Common Law says the statute exists, but there is no injured party; and
d. Since there is no injured party or complaining witness, the court has no jurisdiction under the Common Law.
7.If the judge tries to move ahead and try the facts of the case, then you will want to ask him the following question: Your Honor, let me understand this correctly: has this court made a legal determination that it has authority under the jurisdiction that it is operating under, to ignore two sections of the Uniform Commercial Code which have been called to it's attention?
If he says yes, tell him that you put the court on notice that you will appeal that legal determination, and that if you are damaged by his actions, you will sue him in a common law
SECTION 25: Using The Code With The IRS.
If the IRS sends you a Notice of Deficiency this is called a "presentment" in the UCC. A "presentment" in the UCC is very similar to the Common Law. First we must understand just how this works in the Common Law.
Suppose I get a man's name from a phone book
Of course he has never heard of me, so he just throws the bill away and assumes that I'm confused or crazy. At the end of thirty days, I go to court and get a default judgment against him. He received a bill for $10,00, was given thirty days to respond. He failed to object to it or ask any questions about it. Now he has defaulted on the bill and I can lawfully collect the $10,000. That's common law.
The UCC works on the same principle. The minute you get a notice of Deficiency from the IRS, you return it immediately with a letter that says:
The presentment above is dishonored. _(Your name)_ has reserved all of his/her rights under the Uniform Commercial Code at UCC
This should be all that is necessary, as there is nothing more that they can do. In fact, I recently helped someone in Arizona who received a Notice of Deficiency. The man sent a letter such as this, dishonoring the "presentment." The IRS wrote back that they could not make a determination at that office, but were turning it over to the Collections Department. A letter was attached from the Collections Department, which said they were sorry for the inconvenience they had caused him and the NOD had been withdrawn. So you can see that if it's handled properly these things are easily resolved.
SECTION 26: Impending Bankruptcy.
On my way here, I had a chance to visit with the Governor of Wyoming. He is very concerned that if he runs for office this November, that there won't be a State of Wyoming at the end of four years. He believes that the International Bankers might foreclose on the nation and officially admit that they own the whole world. They could round up everybody in the state capital building, put them in an internment camp and hold them indefinitely. They may give them a trial, or they may not. They may do whatever they want. As I explained earlier, it has not been expedient to foreclose on the nation until they could get everything ready. This is where the Federal Emergency Management Agency comes in. It has been put in place without anyone really noticing it.
SECTION 27: FEMA.
FEMA or the Federal Emergency Management Agency has been designed for when America is officially declared bankrupt, which would be a national emergency. In a national emergency, all Constitutional Rights and all law that previously existed, would be suspended. FEMA has created large concentration camps where they would put anyone who might cause trouble for the orderly plan and process of the new regime to take over the nation.
Even a governor could be thrown into one of these internment camps, and kept there indefinitely. This is all in place now, and they are just waiting to declare a national emergency.
Then even state government could be dissolved. Anybody who might oppose the new regime could be imprisoned until a new set of laws could be written and a new government set up. The Governor knows all this, and he is very concerned. He doesn’t want to be in office when all this happens.
I visited with him and I told him that there are certain actions we should take right now. I think we should consider the fact that, according to the UCC, Wyoming is an accommodation party to the national debt. To understand we must realize that there are two separate entities know as the United States.
SECTION 28: The Rothschild Influence.
When America was founded, the Rothschilds were very unhappy because it was founded on the (Christian) Common Law. The Common Law is based on substance, and this substance is mentioned in the Constitution as gold or silver. America is a Constitutional Republic, a union of the States under the Constitution.
When Congress was working for the Republic, the only thing it could borrow was gold or silver, and the Rothschild banks did not lend gold or silver. Naturally, they did not like this new government.
The Rothschilds had a deal with the King of England. He would borrow paper and agree to repay in gold. But these United States, with their Constitution, were an obstacle to them, and it was much to the Rothschild's advantage to get the colonies back under the King. So the Rothschilds financed the War of 1812 to bring America back under England. Of course, it didn't work, so they had to find another way.
SECTION 29: The Flaw In The Constitution, Two Nations In One.
It was around the time of the American Civil War that they discovered a flaw in the Constitution. The flaw was Art. I, Sect. 3, Clause 17.
Remember that there are two nations called "United States."
What is a nation? See if you would agree to this definition: Whenever you have a governing body, having a prescribed territory containing a body of people. [This is an easy to understand restatement of how it’s presented in Black's Law Dictionary, btw]
Is that a nation? Yes. We have a governing body in the Republic
But, Article I, Sect. 8, Clause 17 gave Congress which is the legislative branch of the three branch government, exclusive rule over a given territory known as the District of Columbia, containing a body of people. Here we have a nation within a nation. This is a legislative democracy within a Constitutional Republic.
When Congress was part of a Constitutional Republic, it had the obligation of providing a medium of exchange for us. Its duty was to coin gold and silver. Anyone who had a piece of gold or silver could bring it in and have it freely minted into coin. This was the medium of exchange for the Republic.
But in the Legislative Democracy (over Washington DC) Congress is not limited by the Constitution. Congress has exclusive rule over the District of Columbia. The legislators can make the law by a majority vote
Under the
THE THREE BRANCH CONSTITUTIONAL REPUBLIC AND THE ONE BRANCH LEGISLATIVE DEMOCRACY are both called the United States. One is the federal United States, and the other is the continental United States.
SECTION 30: Are You A United States Citizen?
If you say that you are a United States citizen, which United States are you referring to?
Anyone who lives in the District of the Columbia is a United States citizen. The remaining population in the fifty states is the national citizenry of the nation. We are domiciled in various sovereign states, protected by the constitutions of those states from any direct rule of Congress over us. In the democracy, anyone who lives in those states known as Washington DC, Guam, Puerto Rico, or any of the other federally held territories is a citizen of the United States (D.C.)
We must be careful with our choice of words
Where did Congress get the authority to write the Internal Revenue Code? It is found in Art. I, Sect. 8 Clause 17 of the Constitution. To pass that law, they only needed a majority vote. There is no other way that they could pass laws directly affecting individuals. Title 26, the Internal Revenue Code, was passed as law for another nation. (Remember our definition of 'nation'), but Title 26 is not consistent with the Bill of Rights. If you try to fight the IRS, you have no rights
Remember, under the Common Law, you are free to do whatever you want as
long as you do not infringe upon the life, liberty or property of anyone else. If you do not want to perform, you don’t have to. The only way you can be compelled to perform under the Constitution in the continental united States, is if you have entered a contract. But if you are not under a contract you cannot be compelled to perform. How can you be compelled to file an income tax form, or any form?
When Congress works for the Republic, every law it passes must be in harmony with the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, but when Congress works for the Legislative Democracy, any law it passes becomes the law of the land (remember, Congress has exclusive legislative control over federal territory.)
If you are charged with Willful Failure to File an income tax 1040 form, that is a law for a different nation. You are a
If you get a Notice of Deficiency from the IRS, it is a presentment from the federal United States, and then you can use the UCC to dishonor it, and you can also mention that you are among the national citizenry of continental united States, and you are a
You never lived in a federal territory and never had any income from the federal United States.
Furthermore, you cannot be required to file or pay taxes under the compelled benefit of using the Federal Reserve Notes, because you have reserved your rights under the Common Law through the UCC at
SECTION 31: Original Intent of the Founders.
The Founding Fathers would never have created a government that was going to boss them around! There were 13 sovereign States. There were nations, and they joined together for protection from foreign enemies. They provided a means by which the union of the sovereign states could fend off foreign enemies. But they never gave the congress of the federal United States direct rule over any citizen of any state. They were not going to be ordered around by that government they set up.
SECTION 32: Federal Region.
The Supreme Court has declared that Congress can rule what Congress creates. Congress did not create the States, but Congress did create federal regions. So Congress can rule the federal regions, but Congress cannot rule the States. How have we been tricked into Federal regions?
SECTION 33: The Zip Code Trick.
Remember how the government always comes to use and says, "I’m from the government, and I'm here to help you." The government went out into the various states and said, "We don't want you to have to go to all that trouble of writing three or four letters to abbreviate the name of the state
For Arizona, Just write AZ instead of Ariz. Or you can just write WY for Wyoming instead of Wyo." So all of the states of the union have got a new two- letter abbreviation. Even a state such as Rhode Island has a new abbreviation. It is RI instead of R.I. The have just left off the periods. When you use a
There is no harm in using the zip code, if you lawfully identify your state. I found out that no state legislature has met to lawfully change the abbreviation of the state from it’s old abbreviation to the new. Therefore, if you do not use the lawful abbreviation for your state, but use the shorter new abbreviation, you have to use the zip code.
Look on page 11 of the Zip Code Directory, and it will tell you that the first digit of your zip code is the federal region in which you reside. If you us AZ for Arizona, you cannot use the state constitution to protect you because you did not identify your state. You used the zip code, which identifies which federal region you live in. And Congress may rule directly federal regions, but it cannot rule the citizens of any state.
SECTION 34: Accommodation Party.
Let’s look at how the states have become the accommodation party to the national debt. There are many people I have talked to, including the Governor, who are very concerned about this, and who know that it could happen very soon.
If America is declared a bankrupt nation, it will be a national emergency. FEMA will take over, and anyone who opposes the new government of the creditors can be sent to a detention camp in Alaska. We will have no rights whatsoever.
They have already setup prison camps with work camps nearby so the people can be used for slave labor. It could be the governors, legislators and other leaders who would be hauled away to Alaska, while the people now disenfranchised from power would likely be chosen to run the new government. This could all happen very soon, as the national debt is so large as to be unpayable. Even the interest on the debt is virtually unpayable.
As I explained, the national debt
The federal United States had to trap the States into assuming the debt obligation of the federal debt.
In the UCC, we find the term, 'accommodation party.' How did the states become the 'accommodation party' to the federal debt? The federal government through our money system made the states deal in Federal Reserve Notes, which means that everything the states does is 'colorable.' Under the 'colorable' jurisdiction of the UCC, all of the states are the accommodation party to the federal debt.
Now the concern is to find out how we can get out of this situation. I told the Governor that in the Common Law and the Law of Merchants
SECTION 35:
If I were to insure a house that did not belong to me, that would be a
SECTION 36: Unconscionable Contracts.
This is very important at this time.
SECTION 37: Questions and Review.
Note: These are some of the questions asked after the main lecture. Some are restatements of material presented earlier, but they contain very valuable information which is worth repeating.
SECTION 38: Courtroom Techniques.
Q. How did you "box in" the Judge?
A. This is easy to do if you don't know too much. I didn't know too much, but I boxed them in. You must play a little dumb.
If you are arrested and you go into court, just remember that in a criminal action, you have to understand the law or it is a reversible error for the court to try you. If you don’t understand the law, they can't try you.
In any traffic case or tax case you are called into court and the judge reads the law and then asks, "Do you understand the charges?"
Defendant: No, Your Honor, I do not.
Judge: Well, what is so difficult about that charge? Either you drove the wrong way on a
Defendant: Well, Your Honor, it's not the letter of the law, but rather the nature of the law that I don't understand.
The Sixth Amendment of the Constitution gives me the right to request that court to explain the nature of any action against me, and upon my request, the court has the duty to answer. I have a question about the nature of this action.
Judge: Well, what is that
Defendant: Well Your Honor, is this a Civil or a Criminal Action?
Judge: It is criminal. (If it were a civil action, there could be no fine, so it has to be criminal.)
Defendant: Thank you. Your Honor, for telling me that. Then the record will show that this action against ___(your name)___ is a criminal action, is that right?
Judge: Yes.
Defendant: I would like to ask another question about this criminal action. There are two criminal jurisdictions mentioned in the Constitution: one is under the Common Law, and the other deals with International Maritime Contracts, under an Admiralty Jurisdiction.
Equity is Civil, and you said this is a Criminal actions, so it seems it would have to be under either Common Law, or Maritime Law. But what puzzles me, Your Honor, is that there is no *corpus delecti* here that gives this court
jurisdiction over my person and property under the Common Law. Therefore, it doesn’t appear to me that this court is moving under Common Law.
Judge: No. I can assure you this court is not moving under the Common Law.
Defendant: Well, thank you, Your Honor, but now you make the charge against me even more difficult to understand.
The only other criminal jurisdiction would apply only if there was an International Maritime Contract involved, I was a party to it, it had been breached, and the court was operating in an Admiralty Jurisdiction.
I don't believe I have ever been under any International Maritime contract, so I would deny that one exists. I would have to demand that such a contract, if it does exist, be placed into evidence, so that I may contest it. But surely, this court is not operating under an Admiralty Jurisdiction.
You just put the words in the judge’s mouth.
Judge: No, I can assure you, we're not operating under an Admiralty Jurisdiction. We're not out in the ocean somewhere
Defendant: Thank you Your Honor, but now I am more puzzled than ever. If this charge is not under the Common Law or under Admiralty
Judge: It's Statutory Jurisdiction.
Defendant: Oh, thank you, Your Honor. I'm glad you told me that. But I have never heard of that jurisdiction. So if I have to defend under that, I would need to have the Rules of Criminal Procedure for Statutory Jurisdiction. Can you tell me where I might find those rules? There are no rules for Statutory Jurisdiction, so the judge will get very angry at this point and say:
Judge: If you want answers to questions like that, you get yourself a licensed attorney
Defendant: Oh, Your Honor, I don't think anyone would accuse you of practicing law from the bench if you just answer a few questions to explain to me the nature of this actions, so that I may defend myself.
Judge: I told you before, I am not going to answer any more questions. Do you understand that? If you ask anymore questions in regards to this, I'm going to find you in contempt of court! Now if you can’t afford a licensed attorney, the court will provide you with one. But if you want those questions answered, you must get yourself a licensed attorney.
Defendant: Thank you, Your Honor, but let me just see if I got this straight. Has this court made a legal determination that it has authority to conduct a
criminal action against me, the accused, under a secret jurisdiction, the rules of which are known only to this court and licensed attorneys, thereby denying me that
right to defend in my own person?
He has no answer for that. The judge will probably postpone the case and eventually just let it go. In this way, you can be wise as a serpent and as harmless as a dove, but you mustn’t go into court with a chip on your shoulder and as a wolf in "black sheep" country. Remember Jesus’ words, "I send you out as sheep in wolf country, be wise as a serpent, and harmless as a dove." Sheep do not attack wolves directly. Just be an innocent little lamb who just can't understand the charge, and remember
SECTION 39: The Social Security Problem.
If I were a young man, 18 or 20 years old and just starting out in my first job, I would not want Social Security. with my signature on the application, I would write, 'Without Prejudice’ UCC
I got into the Social Security system in the 1930's, and I paid into it dollars that had good purchasing power. Now I’m getting a promised return in Federal Reserve Notes which have considerably less value. For example, in 1940 you could buy a deluxe Chevrolet for 800 dollars. With today’s Federal Reserve Notes that won't buy the rear fenders and trunk on a new Chevrolet. If I were a young man, I would not want to put Federal Reserve Notes into SS now, and get back something later like the German mark after WWI
SECTION 40: Assurance.
Under The UCC You have the right in any agreement to demand a guarantee of performance. So, don't go to them and say, "I want to rescind my SSN," or "I refuse to take it." Just take it easy and say, "I would be happy to get a SSN and enter into this contract, but I have a little problem. How can I have assurance before I enter into this contract that the purchasing power of the Federal Reserve Notes I get back at the end of the contract will be as good as the ones that I pay in at the beginning. They can't guarantee that, and you have a right under the UCC to assurance of performance under the contract.
So tell them, "Well, I can not enter this contract unless the government will guarantee to pay me at the end of the contract with the same value Federal Reserve Notes that I'm paying in. Both may be called Federal Reserve Notes, but you know that these Federal Reserve Notes don't hold their value. I want assurance on this contract that the Federal Reserve Notes that I get in my retirement will buy as much as the ones I'm giving you now in my working years." They can't make that
guarantee. If they won’t give you that guarantee, just say, "I'd be glad to sign this but if you can't guarantee performance under the contract, I'm afraid I can not enter the contract."
Now, did you refuse or did they refuse? You can get the sections of the UCC which grant the right to have assurance that the contract you have entered will be fulfilled properly
It is very important to be gentle and humble in all dealings with the government or the courts
SECTION 41: The Court Reporter
In many courts, there will be a regular court reporter. He gets his job at the judge's pleasure, so he doesn't want to displease the judge. The court reporter is sworn to give an accurate transcript of every word that is spoken in the courtroom. But if the judge make a slip of the tongue, he turns to his court reporter and says, "I think you had better leave that out of the transcript; just say it got a little to far ahead of you, and you couldn't quite get everything in." So this will be missing from the transcript. In one case, we brought a licensed court reporter with us and the judge got very angry and said, "This court has a licensed court reporter' right here, and the record of this court is this court reporter's record. No other court reporter's record means anything in this court."
We responded with, "Of course, Your Honor, we're certainly glad to use your regular court reporter. But you know, Your Honor, sometimes things move so fast that a court reporter gets a little behind, and doesn't quite keep up with it all. Wouldn't it be nice if we had another licensed court reporter in the courtroom, just in case your court reporter got a little behind, so that we could fill in from this other court reporter's data? I'm sure, Your Honor, that you want an accurate transcript. (I like to use the saying; give bad dog a good name, and he'll live up to it!)
The judge went along with it, and from that moment on, he was very careful of what he said. These are little tricks to getting around in court. This is how to be wise as a serpent and harmless as a dove when we enter a courtroom. There are others using the same information presented here who end up in jail, handcuffed and hit over the head, because they approach the situation with a chip on their
shoulder. They try to tell the judge what the law is and he is a
SECTION 42: UCC
It is so important to know and understand the meaning of "without prejudice" UCC
And furthermore, I do not accept the liability associated with the compelled benefit of any
Once you state that, that is all the judge needs to hear.
Under the Common Law, both parties must enter into a contract knowingly, voluntarily, and intentionally, or it can be declared void and unenforceable. You are claiming the right not to be compelled to perform under any contract that you did not enter into knowingly, voluntarily and intentionally. And you do not accept the liability associated with the compelled benefit of any unrevealed contract or agreement.
The compelled benefit is the privilege to use Federal Reserve Notes to discharge your debts with limited liability rather than to pay your debts with silver coins. It is a compelled benefit, because there are no silver coins in circulation. You have to eat, and you can only buy food with a medium of exchange provided by the government. You are not allowed to print your own money, so you are compelled to use theirs. This is the compelled benefit of an unrevealed commercial agreement. If you have not made a valid, timely and explicit reservation of your rights under UCC
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SECTION 43: CONCLUSION
The editor of this transcript has taken great liberties in putting this to paper in an effort to make it readable and somewhat compact. He wishes to offer his gratitude to Howard Freeman for the opportunity to work with the information so absolutely vital to our survival as dignified, unenslaved human beings. He must also ask Mr. Freeman's forgiveness for any errors committed in getting this to
print. [And again to
Indeed, there is NO SUBSTITUTE for hearing him present this material in his own words. It is not just the LAW and the FACTS that are important here, but the way they are used. His numerous reminders of Jesus' commission to be "like sheep among wolves." cannot be overstated, and is certainly good advice to us in all dealings
It goes without saying that none of this information presented here is in any way, shape, or form offered as legal advice. For that, as you know, you must "get yourself a licensed attorney."
Having said that, I feel obliged to point out that one of the most difficult aspects of dealing with a licensed attorney
So for those of use who have concluded that having an attorney means that you will soon be chained, gagged and lead to the gallows, this information may be in- dispensable. For the extraordinary challenges of appearing in court in one's own person
Perhaps the greatest problem we face in education today is the matter of widespread legal illiteracy. Naturally, there will always be a number of people who just don’t care about these issues who either:
1)have a soft life which is supported and maintained by this secret system of law and institutions which have grown up around it ("I can make a bundle buying these IRS seized homes cheap and reselling them.") or
2)don't believe that anything can be done about it ("you can't fight city hall.")
3)Simply don't have the energy or inclination to do anything about it. ("That’s nice, but let's see what’s on TV".)
For those good 'citizens' this whole effort may seem useless or even threatening. But it is this writers view that God did not intend for us to spend our lives in statutory slavery for the benefit of a handful of secret world manipulators, even if the 'masters' grant us some token of pleasures and diversions.
Human dignity requires much more than entertainment. The door is there and
the key exists; we must find it and we must use it to return to freedom!
Let us discover the mistakes we have made, let us find the truth, let us apply it with meekness and wisdom and let us gently but firmly reclaim the precious freedom which we have so foolishly given up.
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Well there you have it, The UCC Connection. There is also a list of other publications available from American's for Constitutional Government. If you found this information useful, I would recommend contacting them for a list of their materials. I hope I didn't put all this effort in only for someone to tell me "Yea, that's on the Internet...." I tried to find stuff like this for some time now and
other then John Freeman’s articles, I found none. Also, I like the author’s approach here. Many of the
"When even one American
"In the beginning of a change, the patriot is a scarce man, brave hated and scorned. When his cause succeeds however, the timid join him, for then it costs nothing to be a patriot."
"Truth is less than truth until it is made known."
Mr. Howard Freeman died in 1992, at the age of 92. He gave lectures all over the country for more than fifty years.