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	*FM 3-09.31 (FM 6-71)
	MCRP 3-16C
Field Manual	Headquarters
No. 3-09.31	Department of the Army
	Washington, DC, 1 October 2002

TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND

PROCEDURES FOR

FIRE SUPPORT FOR

THE COMBINED ARMS

COMMANDER

Table of Contents

Page PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .v

Chapter 1 SYNCHRONIZATION. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1

Key Terms and Definitions

1-2

Chapter 2 FIRE SUPPORT RESPONSIBILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...2-1

Maneuver Commander. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 2-1

Maneuver XO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2

Maneuver S3 . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2

Maneuver S2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3

Brigade/Task Force (TF) Engineer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 2-3

Brigade/TF Chemical Officer . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . 2-4

Air Liaison Officer (ALO)/Tactical Air Control

Party (TACP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4

Fire Support Coordinator (FSCOORD)/Direct

Support (DS) Battalion Commander. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 2-5

Brigade Fire Support Officer (FSO). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .2-5

Brigade Fire Support Plans Officer.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 2-8

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

* This publication supersedes FM 6-71, 29 September 1994.

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Targeting Officer.. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 2-7 DS Battalion S3 . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 2-8 Battalion FSO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8 Company Commander . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9 Company FSO . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . 2-9 Combat Observation Lasing Team (COLT) and

Striker Platoon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9 Intelligence and Electronic Warfare Staff Officer (IEWSO). . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . 2-10 Staff Judge Advocate (SJA) . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 2-10 Psychological Operations (PSYOP)

Representative . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10 Civil Affairs Representative. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 2-10 Information Operations (IO) Representative. . . . . . . . 2-11 MI Company Commander. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . 2-11 Aviation Liaison Officer (LNO). . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . 2-11 Air Defense Artillery LNO . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . .2-12

Chapter 3 THE TACTICS OF FIRE SUPPORT . . . . . . . . .. . . 3-1

Offensive Operations . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .3-1

Defensive Operations . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-6

Stability Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11

Support Operations . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .3-11

Military Operations in Urban Terrain (MOUT) . . . . .. . 3-12

Breaching Operations . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14

Passage of Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15

Airborne Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 3-16

Air Assault Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .3-17

Chapter 4 FIRE SUPPORT TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

Planning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-1

Military Decision Making Process . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .4-1

Mission Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 4-1

Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield (IPB). . . . . . .4-2

Commander's Intent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 4-3

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Commander's Guidance for Fire Support . . . . . . . . . . .4-3 Course of Action (COA) Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5 Positioning Fire Support (FS) Assets and

Observer Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6 COA Analysis and Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .4-7 COA Approval and Essential Fire Support

Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9 Orders Briefing . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-10 The Targeting Process and the MDMP . . . . . . . .. . . . . 4-11 Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .4-13 Combined Arms Rehearsals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14 The Fire Planning Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15 Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-16 Focusing Fires and the Brigade and Task

Force Fights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16 Clearance of Fires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17 Managing Fire Support Coordinating

Measures. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 4-19 Counterfire and Radar Zone Management . . . . .. . . . .. 4-20 Army Airspace Command and Control

(A2C2) and Close Air Support (CAS)

Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-21 The Targeting Process During Mission

Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22 Targeting Meetings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-23 Preparation for the Targeting Meeting . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .4-24

Appendix A EXAMPLES OF FIRE SUPPORT

PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .A-1

Appendix B ARTILLERY AND MORTAR

CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1

Appendix C CAS CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1

Appendix D NAVAL SURFACE FIRE SUPPORT

CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . D-1

Appendix E TARGET ACQUISITION AND IEW

SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E-1

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .GLOSSARY . .	. .Glossary-1
REFERENCES	.References-1
INDEX	. . . . Index-1

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MCRP 3-16C

Preface

Like its predecessors TC 6-71 (1988) and the first field manual-version of FM 6-71 (1994), this publication is intended for you, the combined arms brigade or battalion commander, and your staffs to help you synchronize fires with your scheme of maneuver. You know from experience that combat forces must be employed as part of the combined arms team. Maneuver and fires must be synchronized and orchestrated by the combined arms commander to realize the full potential of each arm and maximize the combat power of the combined arms team. The same applies in principle to firepower. Mortars, cannon and rocket artillery, naval gunfire, and air support on the lethal side, and intelligence and electronic warfare (IEW) and information operations (IO) systems on the non-lethal side, are various means of fire support. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. Each provides a measure of capability the others lack: responsiveness, flexibility, and accuracy from mortars and artillery; precision and destructiveness from close air support; disruption of command and control and capability to exclude collateral damage from IEW and IO systems. Using all of these means in combination creates a synergistic effect - the whole system is far more effective than its parts. The proper application of fire support requires as much skill and orchestration from the combined arms commander as it does from the fire support coordinator (FSCOORD). This is what this publication is about, to help clarify the art of applying fire support at the right time and place on the battlefield.

The proponent for this publication is HQ TRADOC. Send comments and recommended changes on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) directly to:

Commandant

US Army Field Artillery School

ATTN: ATSF-FR

Fort Sill, OK 73503-5600

DSN 639-5644

Comments and recommended changes can also be emailed to the USAFAS doctrine point of contact for this manual through the doctrine homepage at URL: http://155.219.39.98/doctrine/wddfrm.htm

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Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns or pronouns do not refer exclusively to men.

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Chapter 1

SYNCHRONIZATION

“There is still a tendency in each separate unit…to be a one- handed puncher. By that I mean that the rifleman wants to shoot, the tanker to charge, the artilleryman to fire…That is not the way to win battles. If the band played a piece first with the piccolo, then with the brass horn, then with the clarinet, and then with the trumpet, there would be a hell of a lot of noise but no music. To get the harmony in music each instrument must support the others. To get harmony in battle, each weapon must support the other. Team play wins. You musicians of Mars must not wait for the band leader to signal you…You must each of your own volition see to it that you come into this concert at the proper place and at the proper time…”

General George S. Patton, Jr., 8 July 1941, address to the men of the 2nd Armored Division, The Patton Papers, Vol. II, 1974

1-1. Synchronization is the arrangement of military actions in time, space and purpose to produce maximum relative combat power at a decisive place and time. Combined arms operations are the synchronized and simultaneous application of several arms, such as infantry, armor, aviation, artillery, engineer, intelligence, and air defense to achieve greater effects on the enemy than that achieved if each arm were used against the enemy in sequence or against separate objectives. The challenge to the combined arms commander is to achieve synchronization. While success in any battle, engagement, or operation is never guaranteed, its achievement is much more likely for the commander who can synchronize military actions.

1-2. The range of operations for which the combined arms commander must be able to synchronize military actions is broad. While primarily concentrating on offensive and defensive operations, he must also be able to synchronize his unit’s activities during stability and support operations (SASO) when given those missions. In Chapter 2 this manual will address synchronization by defining important responsibilities for commanders and staff members of maneuver brigades and battalions.

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1-3. FM 3-100.40 (100-40), Tactics, is the basic doctrinal reference for tactics. Knowledge of its contents is assumed for maneuver commanders. Similarly, armor and mechanized commanders delineate their tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) in the FM 71-series, infantry in the FM 7-series and aviation in the FM 1- series. Combined arms commanders must insist that their FSCOORDs and FSOs understand the maneuver TTP of these manuals - fire supporters must take it upon themselves to become as well versed as possible in maneuver TTP. Conversely, FSCOORDs and FSOs should recommend that their supported commander become familiar with the TTP of this manual and with the respective FM 3-09-series fire support TTP manual for their level of command. In Chapter 3, this manual addresses synchronization within a framework of the tactics of fire support by providing considerations for the commander during offensive, defensive, stability, and support operations. These considerations should be used to ensure the major planning and executing fundamentals of fire support are recognized and their utilization thought out as a concept of the operation is formulated.

1-4. In Chapter 4, this manual approaches synchronization through a discussion of the techniques and procedures for planning, preparing for and executing an operation where maneuver and fire support decisions are integrated throughout.

1-5. Fire support plans that are not integrated with maneuver plans result in unsuccessful fires in support of the operation. Integrating fire support leads to synchronization. It requires the commander and his staff to think both maneuver and fires at each step of the military decision making process (MDMP). Conversely, it should also cause commanders and staff to think both fires and maneuver throughout the targeting process. At brigade and battalion, the targeting process can be subsumed within the MDMP and requires no more people, equipment or time than what is used already in the MDMP. The MDMP and targeting process requires the same people: the battle staff. Targeting merely requires each member of the battle staff to provide more specific information and clearer focus at each step of the MDMP.

Key Terms and Definitions1-6. Fire Planning. Fire planning is a continuous process, usually top-down driven or initiated, of planning and coordinating fire support requirements. Central to the process is the development and execution of essential fire support tasks (EFSTs). Conceptually, a fire plan is the logical sequence of executing EFSTs to support the concept of operation.

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1-7. Targeting. Targeting is the process of selecting targets and matching the response to them, taking account of operational requirements and capabilities. It is a sub-process within the fire planning process specifically designed to manage only the DECIDE, DETECT, DELIVER and ASSESS (D3A) functions. Targeting occurs within the MDMP when the battle staff is developing an operations order (OPORD) (in this respect overlaying directly over many fire planning process functions) and occurs outside of the MDMP once the plan is completed (in this respect validating previous D3A decisions while planning for future D3A decisions).

1-8. Essential Fire Support Task. A task for fire support to accomplish that is required to support a combined arms operation. Failure to achieve an EFST may require the commander to alter his tactical or operational plan. A fully developed EFST has a task, purpose, method, and effects.

TASK: Describes the targeting objective that fires must achieve against a specific enemy formation's function or capability. These formations are high-payoff targets (HPTs) or contain one or more HPTs. TASK is normally expressed in terms of objective, formation, and function.

•Objective. Targeting objectives such as disrupt, delay, limit or destroy (per FM 6-20-10). Other terms can be used as long as you and the FSCOORD share the same understanding of those terms.

•Formation. A specific element or sub-element of the enemy. Can specify a specific vehicle type or target category as long as the mutual meaning (between maneuver commander and FSCOORD/FSO is clear).

•Function. A capability of the formation that is needed for it (the enemy formation) to achieve its primary task and purpose.

PURPOSE: Describes the maneuver or operational purpose for the task. Normally described in terms of the maneuver purpose. This should identify as specifically as possible the friendly maneuver formation that will benefit from the targeting objective and describe in space and time what the objective will accomplish.

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