Brand promotion is an important aspect of any business, large or small. A successful brand promotion strategy can enhance a company's visibility and reputation, and result in increased sales and profits. There are many different ways to promote a brand, but one increasingly popular method is integrated brand promotion. Integrated brand promotion involves using a variety of marketing tactics to create a unified marketing effort that promotes the brand as a whole. This article will discuss what integrated brand promotion is, and provide examples of how it can be used effectively to promote a business.
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Advertising
and Integrated
Brand Promotion
Sixth Edition
Thomas C. O
Professor of Marketing
Executive Director, Center for Brand and
Product Management
University of
Chris T. Allen
Arthur Beerman Professor of Marketing
University of Cincinnati
Richard J. Semenik
Professor of Marketing
Montana State University
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Advertising and Brand Promotion,
Sixth Edition
Thomas C. O’Guinn, Chris T. Allen,
Richard J. Semenik
Executive Vice President, Academic Solutions—
Business, Computers & Social Sciences:
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Chapter 6
Market Segmentation,
Positioning, and the Value
Proposition
After reading and thinking about this chapter, you will be able to do the following:
1 Explain the process known as STP marketing.
Describe different bases that marketers use to identify target
2 segments.
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Discuss the criteria used for choosing a target segment. |
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Identify the essential elements of an effective positioning |
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strategy. |
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Review the necessary ingredients for creating a brand |
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© Haywiremedia/Shutterstock
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Courtesy, © Unilever USA
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Part 2: Analyzing the Environment for Advertising and Integrated Brand Promotion |
Introductory Scenario:
How Well Do You “Tolerate Mornings”?
You know by now that advertising in its many forms is always sponsored for a reason. Generally that reason has something to do with winning new customers or reinforcing the habits of existing customers.1 However, advertising has no chance of producing a desired result if we are unclear about who we want to reach. We need a target audience.
One special problem that most companies face is reaching potential custom- ers just as they are experimenting in a product category for the first time. This is a pivotal time when one wants the consumer to have a great experience with your brand. So, for example, if we are Gillette and seek to market anything and every- thing associated with shaving, we will want one of our shavers in the hands of the consumer the first time he or she shaves.
are out of business. Developing advertising campaigns to win with
Folgers does a huge business in the coffee category but can take nothing for granted when it comes to new users. Thus, the marketers of Folgers must launch campaigns to appeal specifically to the next generation of coffee drinkers. These of course would be young people just learning the coffee habit. Attracted by coffee titans like Starbucks and Dunkin
to start brewing coffee at home, Folgers sees its big chance to get in your cupboard. To illustrate, the Folgers brand team launched an advertising initiative to attract
Working with its ad agency Saatchi & Saatchi, the Folgers brand team found another way. It started with the premise that mornings are hard, filled with emails and bosses making demands and those darn “morning people” (who for some bizarre reason seem to love sunrises). Folgers exists to help a person tolerate morn- ings, and especially to toler- ate those morning people.
A short film, titled some- thing like “Happy Mornings: The Revenge of the Yellow People,” was produced to show Folgers as your first line of defense when the fanatical Yellow People try to invade your space first thing in the morning (that
out of the sunrise and across the lake in Exhibit 6.1).
Exhibit 6.1 The Yellow People glow like a sunrise and they want you! |
The film was also designed |
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to steer traffic to a website |
1. Christie L. Nordhielm, Marketing Management:The Big Picture (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006).
© Procter & Gamble. Used by permission
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Chapter 6: Market Segmentation, Positioning, and the Value Proposition |
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© Procter & Gamble. Used by permission
1
Exhibit 6.2 Your best defense when the Yellow People show up unannounced.
(per Exhibit 6.2) where other tools
The provocative aspect of the Yellow People film is that zero dollars were spent on media. That
(Adcritic, BestadsonTV.com, and Boards) where
“I now watch this every morning to wake up, cause it’s just so damn funny and awe- some that it wakes me right up. If I ever get rich I’m going to hire a bunch of people to dress like happy yellow people and come wake me up with that song every morning.” “I am without speech at the sheer brilliance. If commercials were like this. . . I
wouldn’t skip them on the DVR.”
“I took one look at that video and went straight into the kitchen and made a cup of coffee at 9:30 pm, because after all, I can sleep when I am dead!”
Many companies large and small share the problem we see embedded in the Folgers example. Simply stated, we must be clear on who we are trying to reach and then on what we can say that will resonate with them. Companies address this challenge through a process referred to as STP marketing. It is a critical process from our stand- point because it leads to decisions about who we need to advertise to, what value propo- sition we want to present to them, and how we plan to reach them with our message.
STP Marketing and the Evolution of Marketing Strategies.
The Folgers example illustrates the process that marketers use to decide who to advertise to and what to say. The Folgers brand team started with the diverse market of all possible coffee drinkers, and broke the market down by age segments. They then selected
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212
Exhibit 6.3 Laying the foundation for effective advertising campaigns through STP marketing.
Part 2: Analyzing the Environment for Advertising and Integrated Brand Promotion
Segmenting
Breaking down diverse markets into manageable segments
Targeting
Choosing speciic segments as the focal point for marketing efforts
Positioning
Aligning the marketing mix to yield distinctive appeal for the target segment
Markets are segmented; products are positioned. To pursue the target segment, a firm organizes its marketing and advertising efforts around a coherent positioning strategy. Positioning is the process of designing and representing one
service so that it will occupy a distinct and valued place in the target consumer mind. Positioning strategy involves the selection of key themes or concepts that the organization will feature when communicating this distinctiveness to the target segment. In Folgers
it
that
Notice the specific sequence illustrated in Exhibit 6.3 that was played out in the Folgers example: The marketing strategy evolved as a result of segmenting, targeting, and positioning. This sequence of activities is often referred to as STP marketing, and it represents a sound basis for generating effective advertising.2 Although no for- mulas or models guarantee success, the STP approach is strongly recommended for markets characterized by diversity in consumers
with any significant degree of diversity, it is impossible to design one product that will appeal to everyone, or one advertising campaign that will communicate with everyone. Organizations that lose sight of this simple premise run into trouble.
Indeed, in most product categories one finds that different consumers are look- ing for different things, and the only way for a company to take advantage of the sales potential represented by different customer segments is to develop and market a different brand for each segment. No company has done this better than cosmetics juggernaut Estée Lauder.3 Lauder has more than a dozen cosmetic brands, each devel- oped for a different target segment. For example, there is the original Estée Lauder brand, for women with conservative values and upscale tastes. Then there is Clinique, a
2.For more on STP marketing, see Philip Kotler, Marketing Management (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2003), chs. 10, 11.
3.Nina Munk, “Why Women Find Lauder Mesmerizing,” Fortune, May 25, 1998,
4.Athena Schindelheim, “Bobbi Brown: How I Did It,” Inc. Magazine, November 2007,
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Chapter 6: Market Segmentation, Positioning, and the Value Proposition |
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Defense has approved, endorsed, or authorized this product; Courtesy, Hard Candy
Exhibit 6.4 The U.S. Armed Forces, including the Marines, are very aggressive and sophisticated advertisers. Note how they position themselves with their advertising slogan: The Few, The Proud, The Marines (www.marines.com).
RuPaul, a
companywww.elcompanies.com.
We offer the Estée Lauder example to make two key points before moving on. First, the Folgers case may have made things seem too simple: STP marketing is a lot more complicated than just deciding to target a particular age group. Age alone is rarely specific enough to serve as a complete identifier of a target segment. Second, the cosmetics
ple shows that many factors beyond demographics can come into play when trying to identify valid target segments. For these diverse cosmetics brands, we see that considerations such as attitudes, lifestyles, and basic values all may play a role in identifying and describing customer segments.
To reinforce these points, examine the two ads in Exhibits 6.4 and
6.5.Both ran in Seventeen magazine, so it is safe to say that in each case the advertiser was trying to reach adolescent females. But as you compare these exhibits, it should be pretty obvious that the advertisers were really trying to reach out to very different segments of adolescent females. To put it bluntly, it is hard to imagine a marine captain wearing Hard Candy lip gloss. These ads were designed to appeal to different target segments, even though the people in these segments would seem the same if we considered only their age and gender.
Neither the United States Marine Corps nor any other component of the Department of
Exhibit 6.5 Hard Candy comes by its hip style perhaps in large part because of its uninhibitedly energetic founding by
Beyond STP Marketing.
If an organization uses STP marketing as its framework for strategy development, at some point it will find the right strategy, develop the right advertising, make a lot of money, and live happily ever after. Right? As you might expect, it
STP marketing yields profitable outcomes, one must presume that suc- cess will not last indefinitely. Indeed, an important feature of marketing and
To maintain the vitality and profitability of its products or services, an organization has two options. The first entails reassessment of the segmentation strategy. This may come through a more detailed exami- nation of the current target segment to develop new and better ways of meeting its needs, or it may be necessary to adopt new targets and posi- tion new brands for them, as illustrated by the Estée Lauder example.
The second option is to pursue a product differentiation strategy. Product differentiation focuses the firm
creating differences for its brands to distinguish them from competitors offerings. Advertising plays a critical role as part of the product differenti- ation strategy because often the consumer will have to be convinced that the intended difference is meaningful. For example, Schick
Gillette
of three. But does that fourth blade really deliver a better shave? How
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214 |
Part 2: Analyzing the Environment for Advertising and Integrated Brand Promotion |
could it be better than “The Best a Man Can Get”? Following a product differen- tiation strategy, the role for Schick
blade is essential for a close shave. But next up is Gillette to shave you closer than close. And so it goes.
The message is that marketing strategies and the advertising that supports them are never really final. Successes realized through proper application of STP marketing can be
Virtually every organization must compete for the attention and business of some customer groups while
2Identifying Target Segments.
The first step in STP marketing involves breaking down large, heterogeneous mar- kets into more manageable submarkets or customer segments. This activity is known as market segmentation. It can be accomplished in many ways, but keep in mind that advertisers need to identify a segment with common characteristics that will lead the members of that segment to respond distinctively to a marketing program. For a segment to be really useful, advertisers also must be able to reach that segment with information about the product. Typically this means that advertisers must be able to identify the media the segment uses that will allow them to get a message to the segment. For example, teenage males can be reached through product placements in video games and movies; selected rap, contemporary rock, or country radio stations; and all things Internet. The favorite syndicated TV show among highly affluent households (i.e., annual household income more than $100,000) is Seinfeld, making it a popular choice for advertisers looking to reach big spenders.
In this section we will review several ways that consumer markets are commonly segmented. Markets can be segmented on the basis of usage patterns and commit- ment levels, demographic and geographic information, psychographics and lifestyles, or benefits sought. Many times, segmentation schemes evolve in such a way that multiple variables are used to identify and describe the target segment. Such an out- come is desirable because more knowledge about the target will usually translate into better marketing and advertising programs.
Usage Patterns and Commitment Levels.
One of the most common ways to segment markets is by consumers usage patterns or commitment levels.With respect to usage patterns, it is important to recognize that for most products and services, some users will purchase much more frequently than others. It is common to find that heavy users in a category account for the majority of a products sales and thus become the preferred or primary target segment. 5
For instance,
5.Don E. Schultz, “Pareto Pared,” Marketing News, November 15, 2009, 24; Steve Hughes, “Small Segments, Big Payoff,” Advertising Age, January 15, 2007, 17.
6.Deborah Ball,
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www.wellsfargo.com, Used with permission. Ad no longer valid as an offer of product.
Chapter 6: Market Segmentation, Positioning, and the Value Proposition |
215 |
creamer every week. (Yes, thats more than 200 jars a year!) Now thats a heavy user. Conventional marketing thought holds that it is in
Although being the standard wisdom, the
heavy users may differ significantly from average or infrequent users in terms of their motivations to consume, their approach to the brand, or their image of the brand.
Another segmentation option combines prior usage patterns with commitment levels to identify four fundamental segment
Switchers or variety seekers often buy what is on sale or choose brands that offer
disappear just as quickly as it was won.
Emergent consumers offer the organization an important business opportunity. In most product categories there is a gradual but constant influx of
Emergent consumers are motivated by many different fac- tors, but they share one notable characteristic: Their brand preferences are still under development. Targeting emergents with messages that fit their age or social circumstances may produce modest effects in the short run, but it eventually may yield a brand loyalty that pays handsome rewards for the dis- cerning organization. Developing advertising campaigns to win with
7.This
8.Bonnie Tsui, “Generation Next,” Advertising Age, January 15, 2001, 14, 16.
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216Part 2: Analyzing the Environment for Advertising and Integrated Brand Promotion
Demographic Segmentation.
Demographic segmentation is widely used in selecting target segments and includes basic descriptors such as age, gender, race, marital status, income, educa- tion, and occupation (see the array of possibilities at www.factfinder.census.gov). Demographic information has special value in market segmentation because if an advertiser knows the demographic characteristics of the target segment, choosing media to efficiently reach that segment is easier.
Demographic information has two specific applications. First, demographics are commonly used to describe or profile segments that have been identified with some other variable. If an organization had first segmented its market in terms of product usage rates, the next step would be to describe or profile its heavy users in terms of demographic characteristics such as age or income. In fact, one of the most common approaches for identifying target segments is to combine information about usage patterns with demographics.
Mobil Oil Corporation used such an approach in segmenting the market for gaso- line buyers and identified five basic segments: Road Warriors, True Blues, Generation F3, Homebodies, and Price Shoppers.9 Extensive research on more than 2,000 motor- ists revealed considerable insight about these five segments. At one extreme, Road Warriors spent at least $1,200 per year at gas stations; they bought premium gasoline and snacks and beverages and sometimes opted for a car wash. Road Warriors were generally more affluent,
Second, demographic categories are used frequently as the starting point in mar- ket segmentation. This was true in the Folgers example, where young people who had recently graduated from college turned out to be the segment of interest. Since families commonly plan vacations together, demographics will also be a major con- sideration for targeting by the tourism industry, where families with young children are often the marketer
launched a program to attract families to their island paradise. But instead of reach- ing out to mom and dad, Bahamian officials made their appeal to kids by targeting
the |
10 |
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Another demographic group that is receiving renewed attention from advertisers is the “woopies,” or
9.Allanna Sullivan,“Mobil Bets Drivers Pick Cappuccino over Low Prices,” TheWall Street Journal, January 30, 1995, B1.
10.Sally Beatty,“Nickelodeon Sets $30 Million Ad Deal with the Bahamas,” TheWall Street Journal, March 14, 2001, B6.
11.Kelly Greene,“Marketing Surprise: Older Consumers Buy Stuff,Too,” TheWall Street Journal, April 6, 2004,A1,A12.
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Simmons Market Research Bureau
Chapter 6: Market Segmentation, Positioning, and the Value Proposition |
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older consumers into groups aged |
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and 85 or older, as a means of reflecting important dif- |
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ferences in needs.Thats a good start, but again, age alone |
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will not tell the whole story. |
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Geographic Segmentation. |
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Geographic segmentation needs little explanation other |
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than to emphasize how useful geography is in segment- |
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ing markets. Geographic segmentation may be conducted |
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within a country by region (for example, the Pacific |
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Northwest versus New England in the United States), |
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by state or province, by city, or even by neighborhood. |
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Climate and topographical features yield dramatic differ- |
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ences in consumption by region for products such as snow |
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Exhibit 6.7 People who eat Hostess Twinkies (red marks |
tires and surfboards, but geography can also correlate with |
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other differences that are not so obvious. Eating and food |
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the highest consumption). |
preparation habits, entertainment preferences, recreational activities, and other aspects of lifestyle have been shown to vary along geographic lines. As shown in Exhibit 6.7, even a brand like Hostess
Twinkies has its red and blue states. In addition, recent research indicates that states and regions of the United States vary in meaningful ways regarding dominant personality traits. For example, Rhode Island residents are the most insecure, those in Georgia are conscientious and loyal, and the most
In recent years skillful marketers have merged information on where people live with the U.S. Census Bureau
segmentation known as geodemographic segmentation. Geodemographic seg- mentation identifies neighborhoods (by zip codes) around the country that share common demographic characteristics. One such system, known as PRIZM (poten- tial rating index by zip marketing), identifies 62 market segments that encompass all the zip codes in the United States. Each of these segments has similar lifestyle characteristics and can be found throughout the country.
For example, the American Dreams segment is found in many metropolitan neighborhoods and comprises upwardly mobile ethnic minorities, many of whom were
people belonging to the Rural Industrial segment, who are young families with one or both parents working at
Psychographics and Lifestyle
Segmentation.
Psychographics is a term that advertisers created in the
12.Beth Bulik, “How Would You Target the Stress Belt?” Advertising Age, September 29, 2008, 10.
13.Michael R. Solomon, Consumer Behavior (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2007),
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Part 2: Analyzing the Environment for Advertising and Integrated Brand Promotion |
details about the lifestyle of a target segment can be valuable for creating advertising messages that ring true to the consumer.
Lifestyle or psychographic segmentation can be customized with a focus on the issues germane to a single product category, or it may be pursued so that the resulting segments have general applicability to many different product or service categories. An illustration of the former is research conducted for Pillsbury to segment the eat- ing habits of American households.14 This “Whats Cookin study involved consumer interviews with more than 3,000 people and identified five segments of the popula- tion, based on their shared eating styles:
•
•
•
•
•
Chase & Grabbits, at 26 percent of the population, are heavy users of all forms of fast food. These are people who can make a meal out of microwave popcorn; as long as the popcorn keeps hunger at bay and is convenient, this segment is happy with its meal.
Functional Feeders, at 18 percent of the population, are a bit older than the Chase & Grabbits but no less
Careful Cooks, at 20 percent of the population, are more prevalent on the West Coast. They have replaced most of the red meat in their diet with pastas, fish, skinless chicken, and mounds of fresh fruit and vegetables. They believe they are knowledgeable about nutritional issues and are willing to experiment with foods that offer healthful options.
Happy Cookers are the remaining 15 percent of the population but are a shrink- ing segment. These cooks are
Even these abbreviated descriptions of Pillsbury
make it clear that very different marketing and advertising programs are called for to appeal to each group. Exhibits 6.8 and 6.9 show ads from Pillsbury. Which segments are these ads targeting?
As noted, lifestyle segmentation studies can also be pursued with no particular product category as a focus, and the resulting segments could prove useful for many different marketers. A notable example of this approach is the VALS (for “values and lifestyles”) system developed by SRI International and marketed by Strategic Business Insights (SBI) of Menlo Park, California.15
As shown in Exhibit 6.10, theVALS segments are organized in terms of resources (which include age, income, and education) and primary motivation. For instance, the Experiencer is relatively affluent and expressive.This enthusiastic and
14.Rebecca Piirto, Beyond Mind Games:The Marketing Power of Psychographics (Ithaca, NY: American Demographics Books, 1991),
15.Ibid.; see chs. 3, 5, and 8 for an extensive discussion of the VALS system.
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Pillsbury; Created by Leo Burnett, Chicago
Exhibit 6.8 Which lifestyle segment is Pillsbury targeting with this ad? It looks like a
Functional Feeders. Does Pillsbury www.pillsbury.com) target the same lifestyle segment as the ads? What features at the site are designed to build customer loyalty? Based on the site message and design, what lifestyle choices does Pillsbury seem to assume that its target segment has made?
Exhibit 6.9 The
Created by Foote, Cone & Belding, San Francisco; Courtesy,
Exhibit 6.10 The eight VALS™ Segments.
Innovators
High Resources
High Innovation
Primary Motivation
Ideals |
Achievement |
Thinkers Achievers Experiencers
Believers Strivers Makers
Pillsbury;
Source: SRI Consulting Business Insights;
Low Resources
Low Innovation
Survivors
Courtesy,
www.strategicbusinessinsights.com/VALS. All rights reserved
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Part 2: Analyzing the Environment for Advertising and Integrated Brand Promotion |
Benefit Segmentation.
Another segmentation approach developed by advertising researchers is benefit segmentation. In benefit segmentation, target segments are delineated by the vari- ous benefit packages that different consumers want from competing products and brands. For instance, different people want different benefits from their automo- biles. Some consumers want efficient and reliable transportation; others want speed, excitement, and glamour; and still others want luxury, comfort, and prestige. One
product could not possibly serve such diverse benefit segments. Exhibits
6.11and 6.12 feature two hair care products that promise different kinds of benefits to comparable consumers.
Exhibit 6.11 Benefit segmentation really comes to life in this ad for Bed Head. If that Superstar look is the benefit you desire, Think Thick!
Segmenting
Thus far, our discussion of segmentation options has focused on ways to segment consumer markets. Consumer markets are the markets for products and services purchased by individuals or households to satisfy their specific needs. Consumer marketing is often compared and con- trasted with
Business markets can be segmented using several of the options already discussed.16 For example, business customers differ in their usage rates and geographic locations, so these variables may be productive bases for segmenting business markets. In addition, one of the most com- mon approaches uses the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) prepared by the U.S. Census Bureau. NAICS information is helpful for identifying categories of businesses and then pinpointing the precise locations of these organizations.
Some of the more sophisticated segmentation methods used by firms that market to individual consumers do not translate well to business mar- kets.17 For instance, rarely would there be a place for psychographic or life- style segmentation in the
Head; Courtesy,TIGI Catwalk
Exhibit 6.12 Catwalk promises
16.Kotler, Marketing Management,
17.Thomas S. Robertson and Howard Barich,“A Successful Approach to Segmenting Industrial Markets,” Planning Forum (November/December 1992),
Courtesy,TIGI Bed
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Chapter 6: Market Segmentation, Positioning, and the Value Proposition |
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3Prioritizing Target Segments.
Whether it is done through usage patterns, demographic characteristics, geographic location, benefit packages, or any combination of options, segmenting markets typi- cally yields a mix of segments that vary in their attractiveness to the advertiser. In pursuing STP marketing, the advertiser must get beyond this potentially confusing mixture of segments to a selected subset that will become the target for its marketing and advertising programs. Recall the example of Mobil Oil Corporation and the seg- ments of gasoline buyers it identified via usage patterns and demographic descriptors. What criteria should Mobil use to help decide between Road Warriors and Price Shoppers as possible targets?
Perhaps the most fundamental criterion in segment selection revolves around what the members of the segment want versus the organization
vide it. Every organization has distinctive strengths and weaknesses that must be acknowledged when choosing its target segment. The organization may be particularly strong in some aspect of manufacturing, like Gillette, which has par- ticular expertise in mass production of intricate plastic and metal products. Or perhaps its strength lies in
Another major consideration in segment selection entails the size and growth potential of the segment. Segment size is a function of the number of people, households, or institutions in the segment, plus their willingness to spend in the product category. When assessing size, advertisers must keep in mind that the number of people in a segment of heavy users may be relatively small, but the extraordinary usage rates of these consumers can more than make up for their small numbers. In addition, it is not enough to simply assess a segment
dynamic, and it is common to find marketers most interested in devoting resources to segments projected for dramatic growth. As we have already seen, the purchasing power and growth projections for people age 50 and older have made this a segment that many companies are targeting.
So does bigger always mean better when choosing target segments? The answer is a function of the third major criterion for segment selection. In choosing a target segment, an advertiser must also look at the competitive
expertise, or perhaps just a bigger budget, that would allow it to serve the segment more effectively.
Upon considering the competitive field, it often turns out that smaller is better when selecting target segments. Almost by definition, large segments are usually established segments that many companies have identified and targeted previously. Trying to enter the competitive field in a mature segment isn
lished competitors (with their many brands) can be expected to respond aggressively with advertising campaigns or price promotions in an effort to repel any newcomer.
Alternatively, large segments may simply be poorly defined segments; that is, a large segment may need to be broken down into smaller categories before a com- pany can understand consumers
the segment of older
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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The |
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popular in choosing target segments that it is now |
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referred to as niche marketing. A market niche is a rel- |
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atively small group of consumers who have a unique |
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set of needs and who typically are willing to pay a |
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premium price to the firm that specializes in meeting |
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those needs.18 The small size of a market niche often |
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means it would not be profitable for more than one |
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organization to serve it. Thus, when a firm identifies |
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and develops products for market niches, the threat of |
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competitors developing imitative products to attack |
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the niche is reduced. Exhibit 6.13 is an example of |
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an ad directed toward a very small niche, those who |
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prefer imported Russian tubes for their |
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stereo amplifiers. |
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Niche marketing will continue to grow in popu- |
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larity as the mass media splinter into a more and more |
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complex and narrowly defined array of specialized |
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vehicles. Specialized cable |
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Health & Fitness Channel, the History Channel, or |
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the |
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distinctive groups of consumers, providing advertis- |
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ers with an efficient way to communicate with mar- |
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ket niches.19 In addition, perhaps the ideal application |
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of the Internet as a marketing tool is in identifying |
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and accessing market niches, as described in the Social |
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Media box. |
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Now let |
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Exhibit 6.13 Niche marketers are usually able to charge a |
Mobil Oil Corporation. Who should it target— |
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premium price for their distinctive products. If you decide to go with |
Road Warriors or Price Shoppers? Hopefully you |
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Svetlana the next time you are buying amplifier tubes, expect to pay |
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will see this as a straightforward decision. Road |
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a little extra. |
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Warriors are a more attractive segment in terms of both segment size and growth potential. Although there are more Price Shoppers in terms of sheer numbers, Road Warriors spend
more at the gas station, making them the larger segment from the standpoint of revenue generation. Road Warriors are also more prone to buy those little extras, such as a sandwich and a coffee, which could be extremely profitable sources of new business. It
ing on price.
Mobil selected Road Warriors as its target segment and developed a posi- tioning strategy it referred to as “Friendly Serve.” Gas prices went up at Mobil stations, but Mobil also committed new resources to improving all aspects of the
18.Kotler, Marketing Management,
19.Timothy Aeppel, “For Parker Hannifin, Cable Is Best,” The Wall Street Journal, August 7, 2003, B3.
Created in house by Svetlana Electron Devices. Creative Director: Jerri Batres; Photographer: Jared Cassidy
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Chapter 6: Market Segmentation, Positioning, and the Value Proposition |
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Social Media
Finding Niches and Letting Niches Find You
Market segmentation is all about reaching groups of consumers that have common wants and needs. Usually the groups you want to reach are a small fraction of the overall market. In 1964 a market researcher by the name of Dik Twedt proposed that one group of consumers you definitely want to reach is your heavy users. He called it his theory of the “heavy half.” That is, Twedt asserted that half of a brand
the majority of the brand think niche, not mass.
Since 1964 markets have splintered and our ability to identify customer groups has been aided by all sorts of technological advancements. We now know that Twedt
encouraging an advertiser to think small. Today
gurus like Don Schultz advocate the 4 percent rule. That is, data from the likes of Catalina Marketing Corp. indicate that it is just 4 percent of a brand
to that brand
for many advertisers is clear. No need to chase a mass market with big budget ad campaigns; you
off finding your 4 percent and engaging deeply with them. Former mass advertisers like General Mills appear to be
getting the message, and in today
one engages best with niche markets is to find them via social media. Celiac disease is an inherited autoimmune disease that inflicts about 2 percent of the population. People with this disease must avoid gluten in their diets or risk damage to their digestive system. The good news for General Mills is that consumers who require
Mills found this market niche, creating a whole new line of products (more than 250 at last count) just for the 2 percent.
The 2 percent has proved easy to reach for General Mills because they are “hungry” (couldn. .) for
news about
for it online. Rumors that General Mills was developing
free
complete list of
Sources: Beth Snyder, “Is Your Consumer Using Social Media?,” Advertising Age, May 5, 2008,
© Chris Allen
Exhibit 6.14 When a major competitor like BP imitates our strategy, it got it right. Unfortunately, this may also mean that it
advantage
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Part 2: Analyzing the Environment for Advertising and Integrated Brand Promotion |
4Formulating the Positioning Strategy.
Now that we have discussed the ways markets are segmented and the criteria used for selecting targets, we turn our attention to positioning strategy. If a firm has been careful in segmenting the market and selecting its targets, then a positioning strat-
Essentials for Effective Positioning
Strategies.
Any sound positioning strategy includes several essential elements. Effective positioning strategies are based on meaningful commitments of organizational resources to produce substantive value for the target segment. They also are consistent internally and over time, and they feature simple and distinctive themes. Each of these essential elements is described below.
Deliver on the Promise. For a positioning strategy to be effective and remain effective over time, the organization must be committed to creating sub- stantive value for the customer. Take the example of Mobil Oil Corporation and its target segment, the Road Warriors. Road Warriors are willing to pay a little more for gas if it comes with extras such as prompt service or fresh coffee. So Mobil must create an ad campaign that depicts its employees as the brightest, friendliest, most helpful people you
agency to come up with a catchy jingle that will remind people about the great services they can expect at a Mobil station. It spends millions of dollars running these ads over and over and wins the enduring loyalty of the Road Warriors. Right? Well, maybe, and maybe not. Certainly, a new ad campaign will have to be created to make Road Warriors aware of the new Mobil, but it all falls apart if they drive in with great expectations and the company
to them.
Effective positioning begins with substance. In the case of Mobil
Serve” strategy, this means keeping restrooms attractive and clean, adding better lighting to all areas of the station, and upgrading the quality of the snacks and beverages available in each station
attendants and training and motivating them to anticipate and fulfill the needs of the harried Road Warrior. Effecting meaningful change in service levels at thousands of stations nationwide is an expensive and
Theres Magic in Consistency. A positioning strategy also must be consistent internally and consistent over time. Regarding internal consistency, everything must work in combination to reinforce a distinct perception in the consumers eyes about what a brand stands for. If we have chosen to position our airline as the one that will be known for
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company 1996. Used by permission.
Chapter 6: Market Segmentation, Positioning, and the Value Proposition |
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very formidable competitor, even against much larger |
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airlines, yielding 37 consecutive years of profitability, in |
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a most challenging industry.20 Doesnt it strike you as |
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ironic that the only airline that can claim that kind of |
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performance record is also one where Bags Fly Free? |
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A strategy also needs consistency over time. |
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Consumers have perceptual defenses that allow them to |
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screen or ignore most of the ad messages they are exposed |
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to. Breaking through the clutter and establishing what a |
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brand stands for is a tremendous challenge, but it is a |
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challenge made easier by consistent positioning. If year in |
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and year out an advertiser communicates the same basic |
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themes, then the message may get through and shape the |
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way consumers perceive the brand. An example of a con- |
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sistent approach is the |
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ads of State Farm Insurance. Even though the specific |
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copy changes, the thematic core of the campaign does |
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not change. Exhibit 6.15 shows an exemplar from this |
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You Live” extension to their “Good Neighbor” premise. |
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Make It Different Simply. Simplicity and dis- |
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tinctiveness are essential to the advertising task. No mat- |
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ter how much substance has been built into a product, it |
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Exhibit 6.15 Consistency is a definite virtue in choosing |
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will fail in the marketplace if the consumer doesn |
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and executing a positioning strategy. State Farm |
what the product can do. In a world of harried consumers |
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Neighbor” theme has been a hallmark of its advertising for many |
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who can be expected to ignore, distort, or forget most of |
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years. Does State Farm |
www.statefarm.com) produce |
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substantive value for its target segment? How? What simple |
the ads they are exposed to, complicated, imitative messages |
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and distinctive themes can you find? Why are these elements |
simply have no chance of getting through. The basic prem- |
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essential to State Farm |
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ise of a positioning strategy must be simple and distinctive if it is to be communicated effectively to the target segment.
The value of simplicity and distinctiveness in positioning strategy is nicely illus- trated in Jack Daniel
one in Exhibit 6.16. Jack Daniels began distilling whiskey in 1866 and would not be rushed. Patience was his secret ingredient for producing a smooth sippin
It will be good and ready, when it around the world, Jack Daniel
from Lynchburg, Tennessee.
Fundamental Positioning Themes.
Positioning themes that are simple and distinctive help an organization make inter- nal decisions that yield substantive value for customers, and they assist in the development of focused ad campaigns to break through the clutter of competi- tors
important decisions faced by advertisers. In many ways, the raison d marketing is to generate viable positioning themes.
Positioning themes take many forms, and like any other aspect of marketing and advertising, they can benefit from creative breakthroughs. Yet although novelty and creativity are valued in developing positioning themes, some basic principles should be considered when selecting a theme. Whenever possible, it is helpful
20. Dan Reed, “Continental, Southwest Airlines Land Profits,” usatoday.com, January 21, 2010.
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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if the organization can settle on a single premise— |
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such as “Good Neighbor” or “Tolerate Mornings” or |
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“Relax, It |
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egy.21 In addition, three fundamental options should |
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always be considered in selecting a positioning theme: |
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benefit positioning, user positioning, and competitive |
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positioning.22 |
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“Friendly Serve” or “Relax, It |
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ples of benefit positioning. Notice in these premises |
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that a distinctive customer benefit is featured. This |
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considered when formulating a positioning strategy. |
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Consumers purchase products to derive functional, |
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emotional, or |
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on the primary benefit they can expect to receive from |
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a brand is fundamental. Even though it might seem |
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that more compelling positioning themes would result |
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from promising consumers a wide array of benefits, |
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keep in mind that |
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to implement. Not only will they send mixed signals |
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within an organization about what a brand stands for, |
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but they will also place a great burden on advertising |
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to deliver and validate multiple messages. |
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Functional benefits are the place to start in selecting |
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a positioning theme, but in many mature product cat- |
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egories, the functional benefits provided by the various |
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brands in the competitive field are essentially the same. |
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In these instances the organization may turn to emotion |
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Exhibit 6.16 You don |
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in an effort to distinguish its brand.23 Emotional benefit |
to get the point here, in part because this ad follows the same |
positioning may involve a promise of exhilaration, like |
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style as other Jack Daniel |
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“Exciting Armpits” (see Exhibit 6.17), or may feature a |
smooth sippin |
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way to avoid negative |
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of Tennessee, no one is rushing anything.. . . |
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ment felt in social settings due to bad breath, dandruff, |
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or |
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Another way to add an emotional benefit in one |
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brand with important causes that provoke intense feelings. Avon Products |
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CEO, James E. Preston, insisted that |
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through the clutter of rivals |
24 Not surprising then that Avon has |
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been a regular sponsor of important causes, such as the Avon Walk for Breast Cancer. |
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Likewise, Sears helped raise money for the homeless, |
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Visa in Germany supported the Friendship Card, featured in Exhibit 6.18. Micro- |
sponsorships, which feature smaller charities and require much smaller budgets, have become a popular way for a wide range of brands to help consumers feel better about what they buy.25
21.A more elaborate case for the importance of a single, consistent positioning premise is provided in Ries and Trouts classic, Positioning:The Battle forYour Mind (New York:Warner Books, 1982).
22.Other positioning options are discussed in Philip Kotler and Kevin Lane Keller, A Framework for Marketing Management (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson / Prentice Hall, 2007), ch. 9.
23.David Aaker, “Beyond Functional Benefits,” Marketing News, September 30, 2009, 23.
24.Geoffrey Smith and Ron Stodghill,“Are Good Causes Good Marketing?” BusinessWeek, March 21, 1994,
25.Natalie Zmuda and EmilyYork,“Cause Effect: Brands Rush to Save the World One Deed at a Time,” Advertising Age, March 1, 2010, 1, 22.
Courtesy, Jack Daniels Distillery
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Chapter 6: Market Segmentation, Positioning, and the Value Proposition |
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Courtesy,
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Exhibit 6.18 Bonus points for children is the motto |
Exhibit 6.17 When the functional benefits of |
of Germany |
earn “payback” points on every transaction, which are |
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hat, then the advertiser may have no choice but to try |
then automatically credited to UNICEF. UNICEF, the |
to engage consumers through a promise of emotional |
United Nations Children |
benefits, as we see in this ad for Lady Speed Stick. |
children in 158 countries around the world, in an effort |
www.mennen.com |
to bring more smiles. |
is expressing something very different than the woman who gives Avon Country. Advertisers help brands acquire meaning and
Besides benefit positioning, another fundamental option is user positioning. Instead of featuring a benefit or attribute of the brand, this option takes a specific profile of the target user as the focal point of the positioning strategy. Ads like those shown in Exhibits 6.19 and 6.20 make unequivocal statements about who should consider the possibilities offered by Bigen Xpressive and Axe Recovery Shower Gel. Notice how these ads attempt to speak to clearly identifiable user segments.
The third option for a positioning theme is competitive positioning. This option is sometimes useful in
26. Albert M. Muniz, Jr., and Thomas C. O“Brand Community,” |
Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 27 (2001), |
|
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Exhibit 6.19 Even though this ad is busy with |
Exhibit 6.20 A shower with Axe Recovery |
competing images and diverse product claims, |
Shower Gel and a cup of Folgers are this fellow |
it still communicates an unmistakable message |
best bet for fending off an attack of those creepy |
about who should use this new line of coloring |
Yellow People. |
products from Bigen Xpressive. |
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their category. For instance, in the analgesics category, many competitors have used market leader Tylenol as an explicit point of reference in their positioning strategies. Excedrin, for one, has attempted to position itself as the best option to treat a simple headache, granting that Tylenol might be the better choice to treat the various symptoms of a cold or the flu. As shown in Exhibit 6.21, Excedrin
have been effective, because Tylenol came back with a very pointed reply.
Now that youve seen the three fundamental options for creating a positioning strategy, we need to make matters a bit messier.There is nothing that would prevent an advertiser from combining these various options to create a hybrid involving two or more of them working together. The combination of benefit and user is common in creating positioning strategies, and the Xootr ad in Exhibit 6.22 is a superb example of user and competitive positioning combined. Do keep in mind that were looking for a strategy that reflects substance, consistency, simplicity, and distinctiveness. But the last thing wed want to do is give you guidelines that would shackle your creativity. So dont be shy about looking for creative combinations.
Repositioning.
STP marketing is far from a precise science, so marketers do not always get it right the first time. Furthermore, markets are dynamic. Things change. Even when marketers do get it right, competitors can react, or consumers
for any number of reasons, and what once was a viable positioning strategy must be altered if the brand is to survive. One of the best ways to revive an ailing brand or to fix the lackluster performance of a new market entry is to redeploy the STP process to arrive at a revised positioning strategy. This type of effort is commonly referred to as repositioning.
Although repositioning efforts are a fact of life for marketers and advertisers, they present a tremendous challenge. When brands that have been around for decades are forced to reposition, perceptions of the brand that have evolved throughout the years must be changed through advertising. This problem is common for brands
© 2004 Hoyu Co., Ltd.; Courtesy, © Unilever USA
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Chapter 6: Market Segmentation, Positioning, and the Value Proposition |
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Exhibit 6.21 In mature, saturated markets where the performance features of brands don change much over time, it is common to see competitors making claims back and forth in an effort to steal market share from one another. Powerhouse brands such as Tylenol usually don initiate these exchanges, because they have the most to lose. This ad is a reply from the makers of Tylenol, responding to a campaign of a smaller competitor. www.tylenol.com
Exhibit 6.22 The beauty of this ad for Xootr is its simple, unequivocal message. Ours versus Theirs equates to Joy versus Toy. www.xootr.com
Saatchi & Saatchi, NewYork; Courtesy of Nova Cruz Products and Lunar Design
that become popular with one generation but fade from the scene as that generation ages and emergent consumers come to view the brand as passé. So, for several years, the makers of Pontiac tried to breathe new life into the brand with catchy ad slogans such as “Luxury with Attitude,” “Wider Is Better,” and “Fuel for the Soul.” Ultimately, none of these efforts were able to save a brand that had become passé.27
On the other hand, there are numerous examples of brands that have been able to get consumers to take a fresh look at them. Mazda found itself in a funk in the
and good value. So Mazda
astylish and
Capturing Your Strategy in a Value
5Proposition.
In this chapter we have presented several important concepts for understanding how marketers develop strategies for their brands that then have major implications for the integrated advertising campaigns that are executed to build and maintain those brands. One needs to assess customer segments and target markets along with the
27.Jean Halliday, “Looking Back on 83 Years of Pontiac Advertising,” Advertising Age, May 4, 2009, 14.
28.Jean Halliday, “Mazda Repositioning Begins to Show Results,” Advertising Age, January 6, 2003, 4.
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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competitive field to make decisions about various kinds of positioning themes that might be appropriate in guiding the creation of a campaign.
Yes, it can get complicated. Furthermore, as time passes, new people from both the client and agency side will be brought in to work on the brand team. It can be easy for them to lose sight of what the brand used to stand for in the eyes of the target segment. Of course, if the people who create the advertising for a brand get confused about the brand
This is a recipe for disaster. Thus, we need a way to capture and keep a record of what our brand is supposed to stand for in the eyes of the target segment. Although there are many ways to capture one
lating the brand
our brand offers to consumers, and everyone on the brand team shares that clarity, the foundation is in place for creating effective advertising and integrated brand promotion.
At this point you should find the following definition of a value proposition a natural extension of concepts that are already familiar; it simply consolidates the emphasis on customer benefits that has been featured in this chapter:
A brand’s value proposition is a statement of the functional, emotional, and self- expressive benefits delivered by the brand that provide value to customers in the target segment. A balanced value proposition is the basis for brand choice and customer loy- alty, and is critical to the ongoing success of a firm.29
Here are the value propositions for two global brands that are likely familiar to you.30
McDonald’s
•
•
Functional benefits:
Emotional benefits:
Nike
•
•
•
Functional benefits:
Emotional benefits: The exhilaration of athletic performance excellence, feeling engaged, active, and healthy; exhilaration from admiring professional and college athletes as they perform wearing “your
Notice from these two statements that over time many different aspects can be built into the value proposition for a brand. Brands like Nike may offer benefits in all three benefit categories; McDonalds from two of the three. Benefit com- plexity of this type is extremely valuable when the various benefits reinforce one another. In these examples, this
29.This definition is adapted from David Aaker, Building Strong Brands (New York: Free Press, 1996), ch. 3.
30.These examples are adapted from Aaker, Building Strong Brands, ch. 3.
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Chapter 6: Market Segmentation, Positioning, and the Value Proposition |
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Ethics
Mickey Mouse Tries the High Road
We
groups (including the American Psychological Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the Rudd Policy Center at Yale University) are calling for restrictions on advertising targeted to children. One key concern is that advertising for junk food has played a role in America obesity crisis. Internet games and websites promote products such as Lucky Charms, Cheetos, and Hershey Syrup. Kids who visit branded sites like these are tantalized by sophisticated entertainment tactics that in the end are selling tactics devised by adults but targeted at kids. One tactic that has drawn special attention from food industry critics is the use of licensed characters, like
There is an ethical dilemma here that is becoming impossible to ignore or rationalize away. Maybe, just maybe, we are beginning to see companies step up in an effort to do the right thing. Disney appears to be trying, given its announcement of a companywide initiative to phase out advertising of unhealthy foods to kids and eliminate the same from its
not. Mickey Mouse is not retiring. We will see Mickey and numerous other Disney characters (e.g., Buzz Lightyear and Woody, Winnie the Pooh and Tigger) on a new line of products branded Disney Magic Selections. Disney with this new line of juices, pastas, soups, and snacks is to give parents healthy eating solutions for kids.
Yet who gets to say what is and isn
we trust Disney to set the right standard for itself and its partners? Only time will tell. But the new Disney guidelines do seem to have some teeth. For example, McDonald Big Mac and Quarter Pounder with Cheese challenge the Disney standard because they are heavy on trans fats. And since there are numerous McDonald
within Disney theme parks, it will get interesting when Disney executives try to apply their standards to McDonald
time partner Kellogg.
in the past. However, many Kellogg recent Disney films don
As these corporate titans wrestle with the question of how to define a healthy snack, one can only hope that they don
Sources: Joseph Pereira and Audrey Warren, “Coming Up Next. . . ,” The Wall Street Journal, March 15, 2004, B1, B3; Nanci Hellmich, “Food Websites Tempt Kids,” USA Today, July 20, 2006, 6D; Merissa Marr and Janet Adamy, “Disney Pulls Characters from Junk Food,” The Wall Street Journal, October 17, 2006, D1, D6.
So from now on, every time you see an ad, ask yourself, what kind of value or benefit is that ad promising the target customer? What is the value proposition underlying this ad? We expect you to carry forward an ability to assess target seg- ments and isolate value propositions.
One gains tremendous leverage from the process of STP marketing because it is all about anticipating and servicing customers wants and needs. But targeting groups for focused advertising and promotion has a controversial side, as do many things. The Ethics box features the ethical dilemma inherent in choosing children as your target.
Putting It All Together.
Before moving on it may be helpful to pull together the concepts presented in this chapter using a practical model. The strategic planning triangle proposed by advertising researchers Esther Thorson and Jeri Moore is perfect for this purpose.31
31. Esther Thorson and Jeri Moore, Integrated Communication: Synergy of PersuasiveVoices (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1996).
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Consolidate the
value proposition
for the brand
Exhibit 6.23 Thorson and Moore
planning triangle.
SOURCE: BASED ON ESTHER THORSON AND
JERI MOORE, Integrated Communication: Synergy of Persuasive Voices
(MAHWAH, N J: ERLLBAUM, 1996)
As reflected in Exhibit 6.23, the apexes of the plan- ning triangle entail the segment(s) selected as targets for the campaign, the brands value proposition, and the array of persuasion tools that will be deployed to achieve campaign goals.
As we have seen in this chapter, the starting point of STP marketing is identifying who the cus- tomers or prospects are and what they want. Hence, Thorson and Moore place identification and speci- fication of the target segment as the paramount apex in their model. Building a consensus between the client and the agency about which segments will be targeted is essential to the campaign
ness. Compelling advertising begins with insights about one
and precise.
The second important apex in the planning tri- angle entails specification of the brand
sition. A brand
the functional, emotional, and/or
The final apex of the planning triangle considers the various persuasion tools that may be deployed as part of the campaign. A description of these tools is yet to come. Chapters 12 and 13 emphasize traditional mass media tools; Chapter 14 looks at the dynamic digital options; Chapter 15 considers support media and sales promotions; Chapter 16 examines the exciting new arena of branded entertainment; Chapter 17 provides a comprehensive look at direct marketing; and Chapter 18 fills out the tool kit by discussing the public relations function. The mix of tools used will depend on campaign goals. The point here is simply to reinforce our mantra that advertising and integrated brand promotion always entails finding the right mix to do the job: Knowing the target segment and the value proposition are essential to doing the job right.
Summary
1 |
Explain the process known |
|
as STP marketing. |
||
|
The term STP marketing refers to the process of segmenting, targeting, and positioning. Marketers pursue this set of activities in formulating marketing strategies for their brands. STP marketing also provides a strong foundation for the development of advertising campaigns. Although no single approach can guarantee success in marketing and advertising, STP marketing should always be considered when consumers in a category have heterogeneous wants and needs.
Describe different bases that
2 marketers use to identify target segments.
In market segmentation, the goal is to break down a heterogeneous market into more manageable subgroups or segments. Many different bases can be used for this purpose. Markets can be segmented on the basis of usage patterns and commitment levels, demographics, geography, psychographics, lifestyles, benefits sought, SIC codes, or stages in the purchase process. Different bases are typically applied for segmenting consumer versus
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Chapter 6: Market Segmentation, Positioning, and the Value Proposition |
233 |
3 |
Discuss the criteria used for |
|
choosing a target segment. |
||
|
In pursuing STP marketing, an organization must get beyond the stage of segment identification and settle on one or more segments as a target for its marketing and advertising efforts. Several criteria are useful in establishing the organization
the organization must decide whether it has the proper skills to serve the segment in question. The size of the segment and its growth potential must also be taken into consideration. Another key criterion involves the intensity of the competition the firm is likely to face in the segment. Often, small segments known as market niches can be quite attractive because they will not be hotly contested by numerous competitors.
Identify the essential
4 elements of an effective
positioning strategy.
The “P” in STP marketing refers to the positioning strategy that must be developed as a guide for all marketing and advertising activities that will be
undertaken in pursuit of the target segment. Effective positioning strategies should be linked to the substantive benefits offered by the brand. They are also consistent internally and over time, and they feature simple and distinctive themes. Benefit positioning, user positioning, and competitive positioning are options that should be considered when formulating a positioning strategy.
Review the necessary
5 ingredients for creating a brand
Many complex considerations underlie marketing and advertising strategies, so some device is called for to summarize the essence of one
the idea of the value proposition as a useful device for this purpose. A value proposition is a statement of the various benefits (functional, emotional, and self- expressive) offered by a brand that create value for the customer. These benefits as a set justify the price of the product or service. Clarity in expression of the value proposition is critical for development of advertising that sells.
Key Terms
target segment |
emergent consumers |
business markets |
positioning |
competitive field |
|
positioning strategy |
demographic segmentation |
market niche |
STP marketing |
geodemographic segmentation |
benefit positioning |
market segmentation |
psychographics |
user positioning |
heavy users |
lifestyle segmentation |
competitive positioning |
nonusers |
benefit segmentation |
repositioning |
consumer markets |
value proposition |
|
switchers, or variety seekers |
|
|
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Questions
1.Although STP marketing often produces successful outcomes, there is no guarantee that these successes will last. What factors can erode the successes produced by STP marketing, forcing a firm to reformulate its marketing strategy?
2.Why does the persuasion required with a product differentiation strategy present more of a challenge than the persuasion required with a market segmentation strategy?
3.Explain the appeal of emergent consumers as a target segment. Identify a current ad campaign (not Folgers!) targeting an
4.It is often said that psychographics were invented to overcome the weaknesses of demographic information for describing target segments. What unique information can psychographics provide that would be of special value to advertisers?
5.What criteria did Mobil Oil Corporation weigh most heavily in its selection of Road Warriors as a target segment? What do you think will be the biggest source of frustration for Mobil in trying to make this strategy work?
6.Explain why smaller can be better when selecting segments to target in marketing strategies.
7.What essential elements of a positioning strategy can help overcome the consumer
ignore, distort, or forget most of the advertisements he or she is exposed to?
8.Review the section Essentials for Effective Positioning Strategies. As you think about failed General Motors brands like Pontiac and Oldsmobile, which essentials did they fail to meet?
9.Which of the market segmenting strategies discussed in this chapter are likely to be most effective for business-
10.Carefully examine the two ads displayed in Exhibits 6.4 and 6.5. What positioning theme (benefit, user, or competitive) is the basis for these ads? If you say benefit positioning, what form of benefit promise (functional, emotional, or
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Chapter 6: Market Segmentation, Positioning, and the Value Proposition |
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Experiential Exercises
1.Like other reality television programs, Project Runway entertains viewers by staging dramatic competitions between everyday people. A
2.Electronic reading devices are hot, and Amazons Kindle and Apples iPad are in a heated battle to win over the bookworms of the world. Kindle focuses solely on reading, whereas iPad does reading, movies, music, office computing, and more. Some analysts predict that iPad will eclipse Kindle because it offers many powerful multimedia features; others think Kindle can hold its own. Make a case for how Amazon might use segmentation and a clever value proposition to dominate the growing
3.Compose value proposition statements for Starbucks Coffee and Levi Strauss jeans. Each value proposition
should crystallize what the brand offers to consumers and serve as a clear mission statement for all subsequent STP marketing efforts.
4.The Folgers campaign featured in this chapters introductory scenario was distinctive, in part, because the company spent no money on media, instead allowing the new ads to circulate for free through user sites such as YouTube.That strategic decision reflected an understanding that its young target market was more likely to be online than watching the evening news.What might be the most effective media to reach each of the following target segments?
a.
b. Young homeowners, ages 30 to 40, for a new interior paint product.
c. Teenage boys who live in rural areas for a new basketball shoe.
d. Senior citizens for a new
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.